Assessment of Immunological Responses of Broilers Vaccinated with Newcastle Strains Using Either Spray or Water Delivery Systems

ABSTRACT (1) Background: Vaccine programs have been failing to provide complete immunity against the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). This study examines the immunological responses to the live LaSota and Avinew (VG/GA) vaccines given through spray or drinking water to broiler chickens; (2) Methods: The experimental vaccination included one unvaccinated control group and four other groups of the same size. There were three duplicates, each with 30 birds, with each group amounting to ninety birds. In addition to the status of the cellular and humoral immunity, we examined the weights and histology of the bursa and spleen; (3) Results: The bursa weight index (BWI) significantly increased on days 28 and 42 in the vaccinated groups, regardless of the vaccination method (p≤0.05). The spleen weight index (SWI) significantly increased on day 42 in VG/GA vaccinated birds, and on day 28 in chicks vaccinated with the LaSota strain (p≤0.05). T cell proliferation in response to stimulation with PHA was significantly higher across all vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated ones. Serum IgG was significantly elevated on days 21, 28, and 42 post-vaccination with VG/GA or LaSota strain for both vaccination routes (p≤0.05); (4) Conclusions: The data generated from this study demonstrated that significant immune responses can be generated with the two examined Newcastle vaccine strains using the spray and drinking water vaccination routes

Dihydrotestosterone and 17-Estradiol Enhancement of In Vitro Osteogenic Differentiation of Castrated Male Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (rBMMSCs)

Background: In vitro impact of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17-estradiol (E2) in osteogenic differentiation of castrated rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSC) still need to be clarified. Materials and Methods: The viability, proliferation and density of cultured rBMMSC isolated from sham operated (Sham) and castrated (Cast) male rats were evaluated. rBMMSC were cultured with osteogenic differentiating medium (ODM) in the presence of DHT (5,10 nM) and E2 (10,100 nM). Osteogenesis was evaluated by alizarin red staining and measurement of calcium deposition and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) activity. Results: Population doubling (PD) of rBMMSC isolated from Cast rats was significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) compared to that isolated from Sham rats. rBMMSC from Cast rats showed low scattered calcified nodule after culturing in ODM and did not cause a significant increase in calcium deposition and B-ALP activity compared to rBMMSCs from Sham rats. Exposure of rBMMSC isolated from Cast rats to DHT (5 nM) or E2 (10 nM) in ODM showed medium scattered calcified nodules with significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) calcium deposition and B-ALP activity. Moreover, exposure of rBMMSC to DHT (10 nM) or E2 (100 nM) showed high scattered calcified nodules with higher (P&lt;0.01) calcium deposition and B-ALP activity Conclusion: These results indicated that the presence of testes might participate in controlling the in vitro proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capacity of rBMMSCs. DHT and E2 can enhance the osteogenic capacity of rBMMSCs in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these observations, optimum usage of DHT and E2 can overcome the limitations of MSCs and advance the therapeutic bone regeneration potential in the future.</jats:p