Marketing, distribution and use of fertilizers in Nepal : an update report by the Fertilizer Advisory, Development and Information Network for Asia and the Pacific (FADINAP)

This report is a fully revised and updated version of the ESCAP/ARSAP study “Marketing, distribution and use of fertilizer in Nepal” published in September 1977. Where possible, figures have been updated to cover upto 1982/83

Study on port handling of mineral fertilizers in selected countries of Asia

This study assesses port handling operations for mineral fertilizers in 17 Asian ports. The findings highlight inefficiencies in various ports and propose strategies for improving unloading, storage, and transport processes to ensure that mineral fertilizers are efficiently handled, thereby reducing costs and improving the overall supply chain efficiency in the region.TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Part I: Sub-reports......................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Bangkok (Thailand) ................................... 5 1.2.1 Handling of mineral fertilizers in Nepal .............................................................................. 8 1.2.2 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Calcutta (India) .......................................... 9 1.2.3 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the Haldia dock complex (Calcutta — India)................ 12 1.2.4 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Madras (India) ........................................... 16 1.2.5 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Bombay (India) ......................................... 20 1.3 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Colombo (Sri Lanka) ................................ 24 1.4 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Karachi (Pakistan) ..................................... 28 1.5 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Chittagong (Bangladesh)............................ 29 1.6.1 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Penang (Malaysia)....................................... 31 1.6.2 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Johor Bahru (Malaysia).............................. 35 1.6.3 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Kelang (Malaysia)....................................... 37 1.7.1 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Palembang (Indonesia).............................. 40 1.7.2 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Surabaya (Indonesia) ................................ 43 1.8 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Singapore (Singapore)................................ 45 1.9.1 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Iloilo (Philippines) ..................................... 48 1.9.2 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Davao (Philippines)..................................... 50 1.9.3 Handling of mineral fertilizers in the port of Isabel/Leyte (Philippines).......................... 52 Part II: Conclusions and remarks ................................................................................................... 55 Part III: Mid-stream transfer into self-unloaders a feasible solution for the future..................... 59 Appendix I The Indian Railways.................................................................................................... 65 Appendix II The Mineral Fertilizer Ltd. at Madras........................................................................ 66 Appendix III Technical information and recent developments ..................................................... 6

Supply, marketing, distribution and use of fertilizer in the Islamic Republic of Iran

The publication "Supply, Marketing, Distribution, and Use of Fertilizer in the Islamic Republic of Iran" provides a detailed analysis of the fertilizer sector in Iran. Here are the main contents covered in the report: 1. Fertilizer Supply: Overview of the sources and production of fertilizers in Iran, including domestic production and imports. 2. Marketing and Distribution: Examination of the marketing strategies and distribution channels used to get fertilizers to farmers. 3. Usage Patterns: Analysis of how fertilizers are used across different crops and regions, including recommendations for balanced fertilization. 4. Challenges and Constraints: Discussion of the issues faced by the fertilizer sector, such as supply chain inefficiencies, pricing, and subsidies. 5. Policy and Regulation: Overview of the policies and regulations governing the fertilizer industry in Iran. Research and Development: Insights into ongoing research and development efforts to improve fertilizer use and efficiency. This publication serves as a comprehensive resource for understanding the dynamics of the fertilizer sector in Iran.the generous contribution of the Government of Germany through Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH.1. General background information...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Geography and climate............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Agro-ecological zones............................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Planting and harvesting seasons................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Agricultural year........................................................................................................................................ 3 2. Population growth and urbanization trends..................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Population size and growth rate.............................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Population expansion during the past three decades........................................................................... 4 2.3 Agrarian and nomadic population segments......................................................................................... 4 2.4 Urbanization trends over the past three decades................................................................................. 5 3. The economy and development plans................................................................................................................. 6 3.1 Macro-economic indicators...................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Post-revolutionary development planning.............................................................................................. 8 4. Agricultural sector................................................................................................................................................ 9 4.1 General agricultural policies..................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Government agricultural development programmes............................................................................ 10 4.3 National food consumption...................................................................................................................... 10 4.4 Food production......................................................................................................................................... 10 4.5 Improvement of farm productivity........................................................................................................... 11 4.6 Water resources, irrigation and land classification............................................................................... 12 4.7 Capital investment in rural development................................................................................................ 13 5. Fertilizer supply and demand............................................................................................................................. 15 5.1 Installed sulphur and sulphuric acid capacity........................................................................................ 15 5.2 Installed fertilizer capacity and performance........................................................................................ 16 5.3 Fertilizer capacity under construction..................................................................................................... 18 5.4 Future projects and development of supplies........................................................................................ 19 5.5 Imports of rock phosphate, phosphoric acid and fertilizers................................................................ 20 5.6 Exports of fertilizers and intermediates.................................................................................................. 21 5.7 Fertilizer consumption........................................................ 22 5.8 Fertilizer consumption trends in the 1980s and in the current decade............................................. 22 5.9 Demand forecast by econometric models.............................................................................................. 25 5.10 Fertilizer self-sufficiency........................................................................................................................... 25 6. Economics of fertilizer use................................................................................................................................... 27 6.1 Response of major crops to fertilizer applications............................................................................... 27 6.2 Fertilizer cost-benefit ratios...................................................................................................................... 27 7. Fertilizer marketing and distribution................................................................................................................ 29 7.1 Fertilizer distribution network.................................................................................................................. 30 7.2 Fertilizer packaging and mode of handling............................................................................................. 31 7.3 Marketing costs.......................................................................................................................................... 31 7.4 Fertilizer retail prices................................................................................................................................ 32 8. State guidelines on privatization........................................................................................................................ 34 9. Fertilizer legislation: a brief historical review.................................................................................................. 35 10. Environmental aspects of fertilizer production and use................................................................................ 36 Selected References........................................................................................................................................................... 39 Abbreviations and Acronyms......................................................................................................................................... 4