Visuomotor Cerebellum in Human and Nonhuman Primates

In this paper, we will review the anatomical components of the visuomotor cerebellum in human and, where possible, in non-human primates and discuss their function in relation to those of extracerebellar visuomotor regions with which they are connected. The floccular lobe, the dorsal paraflocculus, the oculomotor vermis, the uvula–nodulus, and the ansiform lobule are more or less independent components of the visuomotor cerebellum that are involved in different corticocerebellar and/or brain stem olivocerebellar loops. The floccular lobe and the oculomotor vermis share different mossy fiber inputs from the brain stem; the dorsal paraflocculus and the ansiform lobule receive corticopontine mossy fibers from postrolandic visual areas and the frontal eye fields, respectively. Of the visuomotor functions of the cerebellum, the vestibulo-ocular reflex is controlled by the floccular lobe; saccadic eye movements are controlled by the oculomotor vermis and ansiform lobule, while control of smooth pursuit involves all these cerebellar visuomotor regions. Functional imaging studies in humans further emphasize cerebellar involvement in visual reflexive eye movements and are discussed

Granitic caves from the Achala Batholith in the Province of Córdoba, Argentina: A study on three particular stories with a common past

The igneous or magmatic rocks, especially those with granitic composition, constitute a special type of geomorphological substrate. As fromits exposure on the Earth´s surface and the modelling that eventually takes placeon them, different landscapes with specific characteristics emerge where inherited and present shapes coexist making possible to reconstruct the landscape evolution of the massif. Traditionally, in the studies of granitic landscapes,only the forms observed on the surface are described, where as those that develop underground are not often taken into consideration. In this paper three caves are analysed in order to specify their particular origins and classify it according to its morphological characteristics and the genetic processes involved. These caves are located on the same scarp of the rock massif and, therefore, share a geological and geomorphological common history, which is shown in their hypothesis of evolution. In addition, based on the type of cavityand certain observations of their environments it is possible to establish a relative chronological order in their ages of formation. In this context, it is proven that these underground environments (as the other geographical accidents andgranitic landforms) are not chaotic but - on the contrary- they are structured ingeological and geomorphological processes over time and they respond to acommon evolutionary framework to the entire rock massif. More detailed studies on these environments can develop in new methodological tools to understand the geological history of the granitic landscape they are located in.Fil: García Aráoz, Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Madelon, Nicolás. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Pleitavino, Micaela Natalí. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Boretto, Gabriella Margherita. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; ArgentinaFil: Cioccale, Marcela Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin