The effects of smoking on the nutritional status of women in pregnancy

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Causality structure and the Weierstrass theorem

In a recent paper P. M. Prenter has shown that the Weierstrass theorem can be lifted up to a real separable Hilbert space H. In this paper H is equipped with an identity resolving orthoprojector chain. The Weierstrass type result of Prenter, namely, if [function of (italic small f)] is any continuous function on H, then there exists a finite order approximating polynomic operator on every compact K [subset of] H, is sharpened by the extension: if [function of (italic small f)] is strictly causal (strictly anticausal) then the polynomic approximation can also be strictly causal (strictly anticausal). Other extensions in the same spirit are developed and the results are interpreted in the setting of Volterra operators on L2

Nutrient intakes during pregnancy: observations on the influence of smoking and social class

The influence of smoking and social class on dietary intake in pregnancy was investigated in a random sample of smokers (greater than or equal to 15 cigarettes/d) and nonsmokers. A total of 206 subjects (94 smokers and 112 nonsmokers) completed a 7-d weighed dietary intake at 28 wk gestation and 178 completed a second assessment at 36 wk. Nonsmokers had higher intakes of almost all nutrients than did smokers and the nutrient density of their diet was greater. Energy intake was nonsignificantly higher in nonsmokers. Women in higher social classes had the highest nutrient intakes. Smokers were shorter than nonsmokers and tended to be of lower social class. After maternal height and social class were controlled for, smoking had a significant effect on intake of many micronutrients. Dietary intake was reduced in late pregnancy, particularly in smokers. These data suggest that smokers in all social classes have a poorer quality of diet

Nutrient intakes during pregnancy: the influence of smoking status and age

STUDY OBJECTIVE—To examine the relation of antioxidant and other nutrient intakes in pregnancy to smoking and sociodemographic variables.
DESIGN—Cohort study.
SETTING—St Mary's Maternity Hospital, Portsmouth.
PARTICIPANTS—Pregnant nulliparous women, with no existing complications of pregnancy, were recruited from antenatal booking clinics. A total of 774 women completed seven day food diaries, and supplied detailed data on their use of nutrient supplements.
MAIN RESULTS—Smokers had lower intakes of most micronutrients. After adjustment for the confounding effects of maternal age, height, and education, only vitamin C and carotenoid intakes remained significantly depressed. Age was strongly and significantly associated with the intake of most nutrients, including antioxidants, and this association was independent of other maternal factors. Antioxidant intake was therefore lowest in young women who smoked: for example smokers under 24 years had a mean vitamin C intake of 57 mg (SD 35) compared with 106 mg (SD 52) for non-smokers aged 28 and over (difference 49 mg, 95% CI 39, 59). The corresponding intakes of carotenoid equivalents were 1335 µg (SD 982) and 2093 µg (SD 1283) (difference 758 µg, 95% CI 496,( )1020).
CONCLUSIONS—The study has identified, for the first time, young pregnant women as a group at particular risk of low micronutrient intake. The health implications of poor nutrition now need to be evaluated, particularly for those women who smoke.


Keywords: pregnancy; nutrition; ag