Comportamiento del cardumen de preasentados de un pez rocoso en aguas someras. ¿Está relacionado con las condiciones ambientales?

This study evaluates the swimming behaviour of pre-settled fish larvae of the triplefin Helcogrammoides chil­ensis (Tripterygiidae) in relation to local environmental conditions. Larval aggregations were recorded on rocky reefs off central Chile during the austral summer of 2014 and 2016 to describe their swimming behaviour (i.e. solitary, shoaling, schooling) and relate it to in situ water temperature, wind stress, wind speed and turbulence. Shoaling and solitary behaviour were influenced only by wind-induced turbulence in 2014 and by seawater temperature and wind stress in 2016. Schooling behaviour was not influenced by any of the environmental variables. In situ swimming behaviour of fish larvae has been little investigated, and this work proposes a non-invasive in situ methodology for studying fish larval behaviour.Este estudio evalúa el comportamiento natatorio de larvas pre-asentadas del trombollito de tres aletas Helcogram­moides chilensis (Tripterygiidae) en relación con las condiciones ambientales locales. Para describir su comportamiento natatorio (i.e. solitario, agregación y cardumen) los grupos de larvas fueron grabadas en video en el intermareal rocoso en Chile central, durante el verano austral de 2014 y 2016. Luego, estas conductas fueron relacionadas con la temperatura del agua de mar in situ, estrés y velocidad del viento y turbulencia. Los comportamientos solitarios y agregados fueron afectados solamente por la turbulencia inducida por el viento en el 2014, y por la temperatura del agua de mar y estrés del viento en 2016. El comportamiento de cardumen no fue influido por ninguna variable ambiental. El comportamiento natatorio in situ de larvas de peces ha sido escasamente estudiado, por lo tanto, este trabajo propone una metodología no invasiva in situ para estudiar el comportamiento de las larvas de peces

2000. Biogeographic patterns of Chilean littoral fishes

ABSTRACT In this study, we analyzed the biogeographic patterns of the Chilean littoral fish fauna, including latitudinal trends in teleost and chondrichthyan fish species richness, their distribution range patterns, and their level of endemism, both to the Chilean coast and the Southeastern Pacific. We determined the number and percentage of fish taxa within four different groups based on their biogeographic affinities. This was done, both for teleost and chondrichthyan fishes, at the species, genus and family level. In order to recognise the existence ofbiogeographic regions, we applied cluster and ordination analyses to the distribution data, using objective boots trapping techniques at the three taxonomic levels used. We found that littoral fish diversity remains fairly constant along the coast down to around 40° S, declining south of this latitude. We detected two biogeographic regions along the Chilean coast, with a break between them at 40° S. These results lend support to previously recognized biogeographic provinces or faunistic units. These two biogeographic regions are a reflection of the mixed origin of the Chilean littoral ichthyofauna, consisting of northern warm-temperate fishes of subtropical origin and southern cold-temperate fishes of subantarctic origin. While the percentage of fishes endemic to the Chilean coast is not high (18%), a large percentage ofteleost species inhabiting Chilean littoral waters are endemic to the Southeastern Pacific (44%). Dispersal and evolutionary history, rather that other factors, seem to explain the observed patterns of distribution of this particular fish fauna. This study represents a necessary first step towards understanding the biogeography of Southeastern Pacific marine fishes

Update of the PANCCO clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in the adult population

Ulcerative colitis (US) is a chronic disease of unknown etiology. It is incurable and its clinical course is intermittent, characterized by periods of remission and relapse. The prevalence and incidence of the disease has been increasing worldwide. The update presented herein includes the participation of healthcare professionals, decision-makers, and a representative of the patients, all of whom declared their conflicts of interest. Answerable clinical questions were formulated, and the outcomes were graded. The information search was conducted on the Medline/PubMed, Embase, Epistemonikos, and LILACS databases, and covered grey literature sources, as well. The search was updated on November 30, 2020, with no restrictions regarding date or language. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) classification system was implemented to establish the strength of the recommendation and quality of evidence. A formal consensus was developed, based on the RAND/UCLA methodology and the document was peer reviewed. The short version of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in the Adult Population is presented herein, together with the supporting evidence and respective recommendations. In mild-to-moderate UC, budesonide MMX is an option when treatment with 5-ASA fails, and before using systemic steroids. In moderate-to-severe UC, infliximab, adalimumab, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and tofacitinib can be used as first-line therapy. If there is anti-TNF therapy failure, ustekinumab and tofacitinib provide the best results. In patients with antibiotic-refractory pouchitis, anti-TNFs are the treatment of choice

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Patrones de forrajeo en dos especies de peces intermareales herbívoros de las costas de Chile: Efecto de la abundancia y composición química del alimento Foraging patterns of two species of intertidal herbivorous fishes: Effect of food abundance and chemical composition

Los peces herbívoros son organismos que deben suplir los requerimientos de su economía energética a partir de una fuente de alimento con un bajo contenido de nutrientes y energía. Dos de las interrogantes más importantes en relación con la herbivoría por peces son: i) ¿cuáles son los factores que influyen en la selección o rechazo de un determinado item dietario? y ii) ¿son capaces los peces herbívoros de extraer los nutrientes y energía necesarios para suplir sus requerimientos energéticos en base a una dieta de macroalgas?. En este trabajo se estudiaron en dos especies de peces herbívoros, Scartichthys viridis y Girella laevifrons, los patrones de selectividad dietaria en terreno y laboratorio, la eficiencia de asimilación y la relación entre los patrones encontrados con la composición química del alga. Los resultados obtenidos señalan que la dieta de estos organismos se compone en más del 90% de macroalgas bentónicas. En terreno ambas especies presentan una conducta trófica no selectiva en verano y selectiva en invierno, prefiriendo el consumo de algas verdes. En los experimentos de selección dietaria ambas especies presentan un patrón similar caracterizado por la preferencia de algas verdes y rojas por sobre algas pardas. Los resultados de los experimentos de asimilación, indican que Girella laevifrons presenta tasas de asimilación mayores que Scartichthys viridis, siendo en la primera las algas verde Ulva y Enteromorpha las que presentan una mayor eficiencia de asimilación. Los resultados sugieren una fuerte relación entre el patrón de selección trófica observado en estas especies y la relación entre composición del alimento y características digestivas<br>Herbivores are organisms that must meet their energy and nutrients requirements from a food source that typically has been characterized as having low nutritional value given their low concentration of nutrients and energy. Two of the most important questions in relation to fish herbivory are: i) which are the factors that determine the selection or rejection of a given algal item? and ii) are herbivorous fishes capable of extracting the nutrients and energy of a macroalgal diet? In this work, we studied in two species of herbivorous intertidal fishes, Scartichthys viridis and Girella laevifrons, the patterns of food selectivity in the field and in laboratory experiments, the assimilation efficiency for different dietary algal items, and the relationship between the observed patterns and the chemical composition of the algae. The results showed that more than 90% of the diet of these organisms consisted of benthic macroalgae. In the field both species present a non-selective trophic behavior in summer and selective one in winter, characterized by the consumption of green algae in the later season. Furthermore, in the experiments of food selection both species showed a similar pattern characterized by the preference of green and red algae. The results of the assimilation experiments, indicate that Girella laevifrons presents higher values of this parameter than Scartichthys viridis, being in the former the green algae Ulva and Enteromorpha, the items that present a higher efficiency of assimilation. Finally, the results obtained suggest in this herbivorous species a strong relationship among the patterns of food selection and the relationship between food composition and digestive characteristic

Abundance, distribution and feeding patterns of a temperate reef fish in subtidal environments of the Chilean coast: the importance of understory algal turf Abundancia, distribución y patrones alimentarios de un pez de arrecifes templados en ambientes submareales de la costa de Chile: la importancia de la capa de algas del subdosel

Cheilodactylus variegatus is an abundant carnivorous demersal reef fish that lives in the shallow subtidal of the north-central Chilean coast. Characteristically, these environments are dominated by kelp forests of Lessonia trabeculata. This species preys on a great variety of benthic invertebrates, and shows particularly high consumption rates on amphipod crustaceans. In our study, two widely separated populations of C. variegatus were considered (central and northern Chile). Individuals that form part of these populations show considerable differences in their distribution, abundance and trophic behavior. In the northern zone, the species is abundant and both juveniles and adults are distributed along the whole bathymetric gradient. This contrasts with populations found in central Chile, which are more sparse and lack juveniles. The distribution and abundance patterns appear to be influenced mainly by the great abundance of diverse understory macroalgae in the northern subtidal, which harbors a large number of invertebrates, especially amphipods. In contrast, the understory algal abundance of the central zone is much lower, and does not show a direct relationship with the lesser abundance of amphipods. In general, C. variegatus maintains a high consumption rate on amphipods throughout its ontogeny but it includes several other prey items in later ontogenetic stages. The different understory algal assemblages, and their associated fauna, are likely to be the main factors influencing the patterns of abundance and distribution observed between these two geographically distinct fish populations<br>Cheilodactylus variegatus es un pez demersal abundante que habita el submareal somero de la costa norte y central de Chile. Es característico de estos ambientes el estar dominados por praderas del alga Lessonia trabeculata. Esta especie incorpora en su dieta una variada gama de invertebrados bentónicos, mostrando una tasa particularmente alta de consumo de crustáceos anfípodos. En nuestro estudio, se consideró dos poblaciones ampliamente separadas de C. variegatus (centro y norte de Chile). Los individuos que integran estas poblaciones exhiben claras diferencias en su distribución, abundancia y comportamiento trófico. En la zona norte, la especie es abundante y tanto juveniles como adultos se distribuyen a lo largo de todo el gradiente batimétrico. Esto contrasta con las poblaciones de la zona central de Chile, las que están más dispersas y desprovistas de juveniles. El patrón de distribución y abundancia parece estar principalmente influenciado por la gran abundancia de diversas especies de macroalgas que conforman el subdosel en el submareal del norte, el que es habitado por un gran número de invertebrados, especialmente anfípodos. En contraste, la abundancia de algas del subdosel de la zona central es mucho menor y no muestra una relación directa con la menor abundancia de anfípodos observada. La tasa de consumo que C. variegatus ejerce sobre anfípodos es en general alta durante toda su ontogenia, incorporando a otros ítems presa en estadíos ontogenéticos posteriores. Es posible que los diferentes ensambles de diversas algas de subdosel, junto con su fauna asociada, sean el principal factor que afecta los patrones de abundancia y distribución observado entre estas dos poblaciones de peces geograficamente distinta