Allopurinol reduces cardiovascular risks and improves renal function in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients with hyperuricemia

To determine the effect of hyperuricemia and allopurinol therapy on renal functions in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3-4, we studied 96 patients in stage 3-4 CKD (57% male, age 65.3 ± 12.4 years). The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 44.62 ± 14.38 iriL/ min/1.73 m 2 . The study patients were divided into non-allopurinol users (n = 47) and those using allopurinol (n = 49) in the last 12 months. Serum uric acid (UA) and C-reactive protein levels decreased after allopurinol therapy (P = 0.00 and P = 0.04, respectively), but no change was observed in the control group during the study period. In the allopurinol group, the mean GFR increased 3.3 ±1.2 mL/min/1.73 m 2 /year, while it decreased 1.3 ± 0.6 mL/min/1.73 m 2 in the control group during the follow-up period (P = 0.04); the patients in the allopurinol group exhibited lower levels of serum potassium, serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and renal resistance index (RRI) (P-values were <0.05). The patients with stable renal functions or GFR change <10% (n = 25) at the end of 12 months had significantly lower LDL and RRI values and more allopurinol users than the group with deceasing GFR (74% vs. 48%, P <0.05). In the regression analysis, UA and RRI were found as independent variables (r 2 = 0.68, P <0.01; r 2 = 0.25, P <0.01) that affected loss of renal function. We conclude that our study suggests a role for allopurinol, an effective agent in lowering serum UA levels, as a reliable therapeutic option in controlling renal progression in pre-dialysis CKD patients

Risk factors for candidemia with non-albicans Candida spp. in intensive care unit patients with end-stage renal disease on chronic hemodialysis

The objective of this study was to describe factors associated with bloodstream infections (BSIs) with non-albicans Candida species (NAC), compared with Candida albicans BSIs, and antifungal susceptibility patterns in adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the potential factors for NAC candidemia in ICU patients with end-stage renal disease on chronic hemodialysis. Methods: This prospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted in the two centers of Baskent University between January 2007 and July 2010. All adult patients excluding patients with neutropenia, malignancy, glucocorticoid treatment or AIDS, were included. Results: Sixty cases (58.8%) of candidemia were due to C. albicans and 42 (41.2%) to NAC. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the presence of a central venous catheter was the only risk factor independently associated with BSI due to NAC (p=0.046, odds ratio: 5.90, 95% confidence interval: 1.032–33.717). Mortality was more frequent in those with NAC than C. albicans BSIs (64.3% vs. 55%), but the difference was not significant (p=0.067). Except for two Candida glabrata strains, which were dose–dependently fluconazole susceptible, all Candida species were susceptible to fluconazole, caspofungin, voriconazole and amphotericin B. Conclusion: Central venous catheterization was the only factor significantly associated with BSI due to NAC in ICU patients with end-stage renal disease