Consejos de Catalina de Siena a las mujeres religiosas

This essay begins with the paradox that Catherine of Siena, perhaps the most famous uncloistered religious woman in the Middle Ages, became after her death an authority and model for cloistered monasticism for women during the Dominican reform movement. But the dissonance in the idea of Catherine as a model for cloistered religious women is heightened by false assumptions or oversimplifications of Catherine’s religious status, and of what it meant for Catherine to be a model for this or that form of religious life. This essay surveys Catherine’s letters to religious women, including letters to penitents or mantellate and letters to abbesses and nuns in monasteries. While Catherine’s letters to penitents and other women living in the world focus on the challenges of living without a formal religious rule, her letters to nuns focus on the importance of their maintaining claustration, following their rule, and on the dangers of wealth—a recognition of the generally higher social and economic standing of monastic women. Catherine seems also to identify certain kinds of prayer with monastic life. It is important to remember that Catherine herself founded a monastery, and while it remains unclear what precisely her intentions were for this community, it is another sign of Catherine’s interest in and commitment to cloistered religiosity. The essay concludes by arguing for a more nuanced understanding of what it might have meant for Catherine to be a model for specific forms of religious life.Este ensayo comienza con la paradoja de que Catalina de Siena, quizás la religiosa no enclaustrada más famosa de la Edad Media, se convirtió después de su muerte en una autoridad y modelo para el monaquismo enclaus-trado para mujeres durante el movimiento de reforma dominicano. Pero la disonancia en la idea de Catalina como modelo para las religiosas enclaustradas se ve acentuada por las suposiciones falsas o las simplificaciones excesivas del estatus religioso de Catalina, y de lo que significaba para Catalina ser un modelo para una u otra forma de vida religiosa. Este ensayo examina las cartas de Catalina a mujeres religiosas, incluyendo cartas a penitentes o manteladas y cartas a abadesas y monjas en monasterios. Mientras que las cartas de Catalina a las penitentes y otras mujeres que viven en el mundo se enfocan en los de-safíos de vivir sin regla religiosa formal, sus cartas a las monjas se enfocan en la importancia de mantener la clausura, seguir su regla, y en los peligros de la riqueza—un reconocimiento de la posición social y económica generalmente más alta de las mujeres monásticas. Catalina también parece identificar ciertos tipos de oración con la vida monástica. Es importante recordar que la propia Catalina fundó un monasterio, y aunque no está claro cuáles eran sus intenciones precisas para esta comunidad, es otra señal de su interés y compromiso con la religiosidad de clausura. El ensayo concluye abogando por una comprensión más matizada de lo que podría haber significado para Catalina ser un modelo para formas específicas de vida religiosa.Humanidade

Uniform approximation of 2D Navier-Stokes equations with vorticity creation by stochastic interacting particle systems

We consider a stochastic interacting particle system in a bounded domain with reflecting boundary, including creation of new particles on the boundary prescribed by a given source term. We show that such particle system approximates 2D Navier–Stokes equations in vorticity form and impermeable boundary, the creation of particles modeling vorticity creation at the boundary. Kernel smoothing, more specifically smoothing by means of the Neumann heat semigroup on the space domain, allows to establish uniform convergence of regularized empirical measures to (weak solutions of) Navier–Stokes equations

Maximum turnaround radius in f(R)f(R) gravity

The accelerating behavior of cosmic fluid opposes to the gravitational attraction, at present epoch, whereas standard gravity is dominant at small scales. As a consequence, there exists a \emph{point} where the effects are counterbalanced, dubbed \emph{turnaround radius}, $r_{\text{ta}}$. By construction, it provides a bound on maximum structure sizes of the observed universe. Once an upper bound on $r_{\text{ta}}$ is provided, i.e. $R_{\text{TA,max}}$, one can check whether cosmological models guarantee structure formation. Here, we focus on $f(R)$ gravity, without imposing \emph{a priori} the form of $f(R)$. We thus provide an analytic expression for the turnaround radius in the framework of $f(R)$ models. To figure this out, we compute the turnaround radius in two distinct cases: 1) under the hypothesis of static and spherically symmetric space-time, and 2) by using the cosmological perturbation theory. We thus find a criterion to enable large scale structures to be stable in $f(R)$ models, circumscribing the class of $f(R)$ theories as suitable alternative to dark energy. In particular, we get that for constant curvature, the viability condition becomes $R_{\text{dS}}f'(R_{\text{dS}}) \leq 5.48 \Lambda \Rightarrow f'(R_{\text{dS}}) \leq 1.37$, with $\Lambda$ and $R_{\text{dS}}$ respectively the observed cosmological constant and the Ricci curvature. This prescription rules out models which do not pass the aforementioned $R_{\text{TA,max}}$ limit.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figur

On the mechanics of caldera resurgence of Ischia Island (southern Italy)

A model of caldera resurgence was applied to the Island of Ischia to explain uplift, volcanic activity and tectonics on Mount Epomeo, as well as historical seismicity and slow ground movements recorded for the past 2000 years. A two-dimensional mechanical model was utilized for the crust, which was considered to be an elastic plate overlying a laccolith. Geometric dimensions and mechanical parameters were constrained using geological, geophysical and geochemical data. We propose that a laccolith, with a diameter L of c. 10 km, and a depth of up to 1 km in the centre of the island, triggered the caldera resurgence after the Mount Epomeo Green Tuff eruption forming the caldera (55 000 a BP). A bending phase and a punched laccolith phase are thought to have caused the observed deformations in the caldera. These processes control the tectonics at the boundary of the Mount Epomeo resurgent structure, volcanic activity and dynamics of the island

Folate-based single cell screening using surface enhanced Raman microimaging

Recent progress in nanotechnology and its application to biomedical settings have generated great advantages in dealing with early cancer diagnosis. The identification of the specific properties of cancer cells, such as the expression of particular plasma membrane molecular receptors, has become crucial in revealing the presence and in assessing the stage of development of the disease. Here we report a single cell screening approach based on Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) microimaging. We fabricated a SERS-labelled nanovector based on the biofunctionalization of gold nanoparticles with folic acid. After treating the cells with the nanovector, we were able to distinguish three different cell populations from different cell lines (cancer HeLa and PC-3, and normal HaCaT lines), suitably chosen for their different expressions of folate binding proteins. The nanovector, indeed, binds much more efficiently on cancer cell lines than on normal ones, resulting in a higher SERS signal measured on cancer cells. These results pave the way for applications in single cell diagnostics and, potentially, in theranostic

Resurgence and flank failure of Mt. Epomeo, Ischia Island (Southern Italy)

Risorgenza e collasso laterale del Monte Epomeo, Isola d’Ischia Il Monte Epomeo (787 m a.s.l.), ubicato nel settore centrale dell’isola d’Ischia, mostra lo smantellamento del settore meridionale, depositi di debris e franamenti diffusi che testimoniano la natura instabile del monte. A seguito dell’eruzione ignimbritica del Tufo Verde dell’Epomeo (55.000 anni), che genera una struttura calderica (10x7 km2), inizia la risorgenza della caldera fino alla formazione del Monte Epomeo. Il sollevamento, generato dall’intrusione di un laccolite fino a circa 1 km di profondità, avrebbe determinato una forte instabilità gravitativa del blocco risorgente e prodotto uno o più collassi laterali. Questi hanno lasciato una struttura a ferro di cavallo, tipica di processi da “avalancing”, aperta verso sud, e depositi con topografia “hummocky” estesi a sud dell’Epomeo e rilevati recentemente da esplorazioni sul fondo marino. Il processo che ha generato il collasso e la formazione di un avalanche caldera è stato esaminato attraverso l’analisi della dinamica e dei caratteri geologici, geomorfologici e strutturali dell’area. Attualmente l’isola è caratterizzata da una fase di stasi della risorgenza testimoniata da una condizione di moderata stabilità dei versanti dell’Epomeo. Quanto osservato indicherebbe una bassa dinamica endogena nell’isola

Sea level changes, ground deformations, human settlements in the bay of Naples

Ground deformations in active volcanoes are considered precursors of eruptions according to the most tested models; therefore monitoring networks of ground deformations are installed on inhabited dangerous volcanoes. Direct measurements of such deformations are carried out since 1861 when Luigi Palmieri monitored the eruption at Mt. Vesuvius with levelings along the shoreline near the town of Torre del Greco. Relative sea level changes were measured at Serapeo in Pozzuoli in the middle of 19th century to record soil uplifts which are locally known as bradyseism. To enlarge the time series of data on these phenomena it is necessary to utilize historical and prehistorical informations on the location of shore-line of human settlements. As regards the regions of active volcanoes as the Neapolitan one three processes contribute to sea level changes as eustatism, regional tectonics and local intrusive and effusive phenomena. Therefore at the same time the relative sea level should be different at far-away places only few kilometres according to the volcanic activity. In fact eustatic and tectonic processes contribute to sea level changes with very lesser rates than volcanic activity. The Neapolitan region for its geological history is an excellent laboratory for testing the validation of new paradigms for some natural phenomena

Constant-depth circuits for Uniformly Controlled Gates and Boolean functions with application to quantum memory circuits

We explore the power of the unbounded Fan-Out gate and the Global Tunable gates generated by Ising-type Hamiltonians in constructing constant-depth quantum circuits, with particular attention to quantum memory devices. We propose two types of constant-depth constructions for implementing Uniformly Controlled Gates. These gates include the Fan-In gates defined by $|x\rangle|b\rangle\mapsto |x\rangle|b\oplus f(x)\rangle$ for $x\in\{0,1\}^n$ and $b\in\{0,1\}$, where $f$ is a Boolean function. The first of our constructions is based on computing the one-hot encoding of the control register $|x\rangle$, while the second is based on Boolean analysis and exploits different representations of $f$ such as its Fourier expansion. Via these constructions, we obtain constant-depth circuits for the quantum counterparts of read-only and read-write memory devices -- Quantum Random Access Memory (QRAM) and Quantum Random Access Gate (QRAG) -- of memory size $n$. The implementation based on one-hot encoding requires either $O(n\log{n}\log\log{n})$ ancillae and $O(n\log{n})$ Fan-Out gates or $O(n\log{n})$ ancillae and $6$ Global Tunable gates. On the other hand, the implementation based on Boolean analysis requires only $2$ Global Tunable gates at the expense of $O(n^2)$ ancillae.Comment: 50 pages, 10 figures. Comments are welcom

Naked Singularities as Particle Accelerators II

We generalize here our earlier results on particle acceleration by naked singularities. We showed recently[1] that the naked singularities that form due to gravitational collapse of massive stars provide a suitable environment where particles could get accelerated and collide at arbitrarily high center of mass energies. However, we focussed there only on the spherically symmetric gravitational collapse models, which were also assumed to be self-similar. In this paper, we broaden and generalize the result to all gravitational collapse models leading to the formation of a naked singularity as final state of collapse, evolving from a regular initial data, without making any prior restrictive assumptions about the spacetime symmetries such as above. We show that when the particles interact and collide near the Cauchy horizon, the energy of collision in the center of mass frame will be arbitrarily high, thus offering a window to the Planck scale physics. We also consider the issue of various possible physical mechanisms of generation of such very high energy particles from the vicinity of naked singularity. We then construct a model of gravitational collapse to a timelike naked singularity to demonstrate the working of these ideas, where the pressure is allowed to be negative but the energy conditions are respected. We show that a finite amount of mass-energy density has to be necessarily radiated away from the vicinity of the naked singularity as the collapse evolves. Therefore the nature of naked singularities, both at classical and quantum level could play an important role in the process of particle acceleration, explaining the occurrence of highly energetic outgoing particles in the vicinity of Cauchy horizon that participate in extreme high energy collisions.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D, Reference and Acknowledgments adde

Quantum algorithm for stochastic optimal stopping problems with applications in finance

The famous least squares Monte Carlo (LSM) algorithm combines linear least square regression with Monte Carlo simulation to approximately solve problems in stochastic optimal stopping theory. In this work, we propose a quantum LSM based on quantum access to a stochastic process, on quantum circuits for computing the optimal stopping times, and on quantum techniques for Monte Carlo. For this algorithm, we elucidate the intricate interplay of function approximation and quantum algorithms for Monte Carlo. Our algorithm achieves a nearly quadratic speedup in the runtime compared to the LSM algorithm under some mild assumptions. Specifically, our quantum algorithm can be applied to American option pricing and we analyze a case study for the common situation of Brownian motion and geometric Brownian motion processes.Comment: 45 pages; v2: title slightly changed, typos fixed, references adde