ND Tadpoles as New String States and Quantum Mechanical Particle-Wave Duality from World-Sheet T-Duality

We consider new objects in bosonic open string theory -- ND tadpoles, which have N(euman) boundary conditions at one end of the world-sheet and D(irichlet) at the other, must exist due to s-t duality in a string theory with both NN strings and D-branes. We demonstrate how to interpolate between N and D boundary conditions. In the case of mixed boundary conditions the action for a quantum particle is induced on the boundary. Quantum-mechanical particle-wave duality, a dual description of a quantum particle in either the coordinate or the momentum representation, is induced by world-sheet T-duality. The famous relation between compactification radii is equivalent to the quantization of the phase space area of a Planck cell. We also introduce a boundary operator - a ``Zipper'' which changes the boundary condition from N into D and vice versa.Comment: 10 pages plain LateX2e, 4 eps figures included using epsf. Revised version with extra reference

What does E_8 know about 11 dimensions ?

We discuss some possible relationships in gauge theories, string theory and M theory in the light of some recent results obtained in gauge invariant supersymmetric quantum mechanics. In particular this reveals a new relationship between the gauge group E_8 and 11-dimensional space.Comment: 6 pages, Latex, no figure

Boundary Logarithmic Conformal Field Theory

We discuss the effect of boundaries in boundary logarithmic conformal field theory and show, with reference to both $c=-2$ and $c=0$ models, how they produce new features even in bulk correlation functions which are not present in the corresponding models without boundaries. We discuss the modification of Cardy's relation between boundary states and bulk quantities.Comment: 17 pages,3 eps figures, revised final section, clarification added in a couple of other places, typos correcte

Monetary Information and Macroeconomic Fluctuations

This paper introduces contemporaneously available monetary data into an "equilibrium" model that combines rational expectations, market clearing, and incomplete information about monetary disturbances. Data on the current money stock involve a preliminary estimate that is subject to a subsequent process of gradual revision. The model implies the testable hypothesis that aggregate output and employment are uncorrelated with the contemporaneous measure of money growth implied by the difference between the currently available estimates of current and past money shocks. Rejection of this hypothesis provides strong evidence again at the equilibriums approach to modeling the relation between monetary disturbances and macro-economic fluctuations.

Tests of Equilibrium Macroeconomics Using Contemporaneous Monetary Data

This paper uses contemporaneous monetary data to carry out econometric tests of the "equilibrium" approach to modeling the relation between monetary disturbances and macroeconomic fluctuations. The theoretical analysis introduces into an equilibrium macroeconomic model the availability of preliminary data on current monetary aggregates and the process of accumulation of revised monetary data. The econometric analysis tests two hypotheses derived from this extended model. One hypothesis concerns the neutrality of perceived monetary policy. The other hypothesis concerns the nonneutrality of errors in preliminary monetary data. The econometric results imply rejection of both of these hypotheses. These tests provide strong evidence against the reality of the equilibrium approach.

Employment Effects of the Federal Minimum Wage

This paper describes an empirical study of the effects of federal minimum wage policy on aggregate employment, on the employment of various demographic groups, and on employment in low-wage industries. The analytical framework permits separate testing both for direct employment effects of the level and coverage of the minimum wage and for indirect employment effects resulting from a possible role for the minimum wage as a cause of monetary nonneutrality. Another innovation in this study is the inclusion of rational expectations of expected future relative minimum wages as determinants of the demands and supplies of labor services. The study finds that minimum-wage policy seems not to affect aggregate employment or average wages either directly or indirectly. Minimum-wage policy, however, has large and statistically significant effects on the industrial and demographic composition of employment, with employment decreasing in certain low-wage industries and for teenagers and for young men but increasing for young women and for adults. A major part of these effects are associated with anticipated future changes in the level of the minimum wage.

The Federal Minimum Wage, Inflation, and Employment

This study investigates the effects of Federal minimum wage policy on mini-mum wage employment, aggregate employment, and average wage rates. The theoretical analysis focuses on the possible effect of the Federal minimum wage in constraining wages and employment in a subset of labor markets, on the possible responses of labor suppliers to these constraints, and on the possible role of the policy of presetting the nominal minimum wage in making monetary policy nonneutral. Among the elements of the theoretical framework that are both distinctive and important are the assumptions that both the demands and supplies of labor services in the subset of constrained markets depend on the expected relative minimum wage in the near and distant future, as well as on the current relative minimum wage and on past levels of employment, and that the relevant expectations of both workers and employers about relative minimum wages are "rational."

Reconstruction of supernova {\nu}_{\mu}, {\nu}_{\tau}, anti-{\nu}_{\mu}, and anti-{\nu}_{\tau} neutrino spectra at scintillator detectors

We present a new technique to directly reconstruct the spectra of mu/tau neutrinos and antineutrinos from a supernova, using neutrino-proton elastic scattering events (nu+p to nu+p) at scintillator detectors. These neutrinos, unlike electron neutrinos and antineutrinos, have only neutral current interactions, which makes it very challenging, with any reaction, to detect them and measure their energies. With updated inputs from theory and experiments, we show that this channel provides a robust and sensitive measure of their spectra. Given the low yields and lack of spectral information in other neutral current channels, this is perhaps the only realistic way to extract such information. This will be indispensable for understanding flavor oscillations of SN neutrinos, as it is likely to be impossible to disentangle neutrino mixing from astrophysical uncertainties in a SN without adequate spectral coverage of all flavors. We emphasize that scintillator detectors, e.g., Borexino, KamLAND, and SNO+, have the capability to observe these events, but they must be adequately prepared with a trigger for a burst of low-energy events. We also highlight the capabilities of a larger detector like LENA.Comment: v3: Typo corrected in Eq.14, and metadata edits. Matches PRD version. 14 pages, 9 figures, 1 tabl