The potential for anti-icing wing and aircraft applications of mixed-wettability surfaces - A comprehensive review

The supercooled water droplets in clouds can cause ice to build up on the surfaces of aircraft and engines when planes are flying at low temperatures. The shape of the ice accretion depends on the temperature of the air, the liquid–water content of the air, the diameter of the droplets, the speed of the plane, and the phase of flight. The ice accretion reduces the plane's lift, increases the drag, and affects the stability. According to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), icing of aircraft accounts for 12% of all in-flight weather-related incidents, and it can lead to huge losses. Thermal and mechanical techniques used to reduce ice formation often involve issues such as high energy consumption, environmental pollution, and high cost. Interestingly, an emerging approach involves the anti-icing treatment of surfaces by exploiting their wettability property. The surface micro/Nano texturing combined with the low surface energy of materials enhance the anti-icing properties. This article reviews the latest advancements in such approaches. Notably, the use of nature-material-based hydrophilic to superhydrophobic hybrid surfaces appears to offer a promising route to the suppression of ice accumulation and adhesion. Compared with uncoated surfaces, hybrid surfaces with high to low contact angles (mixed wettability) can not only delay the onset of ice formation effectively but also prolong the ice formation time. The mechanism by which hybrid surfaces reduce the residence time of liquid droplets and the wetted surface area is elucidated, and it is pointed out that such surfaces appear to be highly suitable for use in aircraft

Effectiveness of Group Cognitive Bbehavioral Therapy on Anxiety, Depression and Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing anxiety and depression and glycemic control in children with type I diabetes. The study was quasi- experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with control group. For this purpose, 30 children with diabetes were selected from Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad. The children were randomly assigned into two experimental group (15) and control group (15). The experimental group was undergone eight 2-hour sessions of cognitive-behavioral training. Before and after the intervention, the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, which included four components of social anxiety, physical symptoms, harm avoidance, and separation anxiety, and Children Depression Inventory was administrated in both groups. The findings from the covariance analysis test revealed that depression and anxiety and glycemic control in experimental group was controlled at post-test and depression score in experimental group compared to the control group at post-test was decreased. The findings from the multivariate covariance analysis test between components of, physical symptoms, harm avoidance, separation anxiety, and social anxiety revealed meaningful differences between the two groups in social anxiety post-test score. Thus, cognitive behavior therapy can be effective for depression, anxiety, and blood sugar control in children

Investigation of the effects of gamma radiation on plasma levels of Zn, Cu, Mn and Se in nuclear medicine staff

We assessed possible changes in the levels of some trace elements among nuclear medicine staff. This study was carried out on 30 nuclear medicine staff and 10 individuals as a control group. After the blood samples were collected, serum levels of trace elements were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Mean Zn levels in the control group (89.75 ± 17.35 µmol/l) were significantly (p = 0.002) higher than in the exposed group (70.91 ± 14.46 µmol/l). Increased duration of exposure was significantly associated with reduced zinc levels (p = 0.005). Furthermore, the 5-year average dose received was adversely and significantly correlated with zinc concentrations (p = 0.019). No significant difference was observed in the Cu level between control group (93.85 ± 25.33 µmol/l) and staff worker group (85.6 ± 21.66 µmol/l) (p = 0.32). A positive significant correlation was observed between exposure time and reduced Cu levels (p = 0.05). No difference was found in mean Mn and Se levels between both groups according to exposure time. Declined Zn and Cu levels may be considered as one of the possible mechanisms of oxidative damages induced by gammas rays. Therefore, an antioxidant treatment could be recommended for people who work in medical radiation centers