Color flows for the process gg --> Bc + c + b-bar

The contributions of different color flows into the gluonic Bc-meson production cross section has been calculated. This study is essential to simulate Bc-meson production with the help of Pythia program. The essence of matter is that in the frame work of the Lund model used by Pythia the hadronization way of the final partons and hadronic remnants depends on the color flow type. The modified method for calculation of the color flow contributions has been proposed.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, RevTeX

The neutrino cross section and upward going muons

The charged current cross section for neutrinos with energy of a few GeV is reanalysed. In this energy range the cross section for the lowest multiplicity exclusive channels is an important fraction of $\sigma_{CC}$ and the approximation of describing the cross section with deep inelastic scattering formulae may be inaccurate. Possible consequences of our reanalysis of the cross section in the interpretation of the data obtained by deep underground detectors on $\nu$--induced upward going muons (both stopping and passing) are discussed.Comment: 9 pages, REVTEX, 1 uu-encoded compressed file with 3 figure

High energy cosmic ray physics with underground muons in MACRO. I. Analysis methods and experimental results

In this paper, the first of a two-part work, we present the reconstruction and measurement of muon events detected underground by the MACRO experiment at Gran Sasso (E у 1.3 TeV in atmosphere͒. The main aim of this work is to discuss the muon multiplicity distribution as measured in the detector. The data sample analyzed consists of 4.4ϫ10 6 muon events, of which ϳ 263 000 are multiple muons, corresponding to a total live time of 5850 h. In this sample, the observed multiplicities extend above N ϭ35, with intermuon separations up to 50 m and beyond. Additional complementing measurements, such as the inclusive muon flux, the angular distribution, and the muon separation distribution ͑decoherence͒, are also included. The physical interpretation of the results presented here is reported in the following companion paper. ͓S0556-2821͑97͒00615-2͔ PACS number͑s͒: 13.85. Tp, 96.40.De, 96.40.Tv, 98.70.S

Harnessing archaeological and architectural science knowledge for cultural sustainability

The current dominant social paradigm cannot address the environmental crisis forecast by climate science and a new approach is needed. The requ irement for buildings that can operate in energy - poor conditions with water and resource scarcity can be facilitated by an examination of pre - modern buildings. A research project called the Green Renaissance Project draws upon archaeological, bioclimatic a nd building science methodologies to test this hypothesis based on case studies of Italian building from the Roman and Renaissance periods. This paper explores the context for the application of these methodologies and their potential for assessing the env ironmental performance of various domestic structures. For this paper, the focus will be on the comparatively well - preserved domestic architecture of Pompeii and Herculaneum though a holistic approach is necessary because of the problems associated with su bsequent reconstructions and restorations. The primary aim of this project is to use past knowledge to inform the debate on cultural sustainability and to assist with cultural transformation to a more sustainable future. An offshoot of this project will be an increased understanding of lifestyle and perceptions of comfort in the ancient world. To date, there has been minimal research with regard to these issue

The Urban-Rural Continuum. The Bioclimatic Approach to Design, Between Past and Future

L’ambiente costruito rurale, insieme multiscalare di trasformazioni praticate dall’uomo per accogliere le attività collegate all’agricoltura, suggerisce varie riflessioni sull’approccio bioclimatico nel progetto di architettura. Il contributo mette subito in evidenza il tema del continuum urbano-rurale (luogo intermedio e contraddittorio che condensa le trasformazioni che stanno avvenendo nella contemporaneità, offrendo un banco di prova necessario per tutti i campi del sapere e per tutte le discipline tecnologiche) per evidenziare che la contrapposizione tra urbano e rurale non solo è superata nei fatti, ma anche è teoricamente inadeguata a identificare l’ambiente costruito rurale, nonostante sia stata utilizzata sin da antico, sui livelli sia analitico che progettuale. Il superamento di tale contrapposizione viene confermato dal legame tra attività agricole e costruttive, di cui viene proposta una lettura in chiave tecnologica, con riferimento alle sfere del prodotto e del processo, dopo averne ricordato le origini culturali remote e profondamente radicate. Il possibile duplice e contraddittorio carattere dell’ambiente costruito rurale, vernacolare o colto, viene illustrato con riferimento alla specificità degli aspetti bioclimatici riconosciuti negli edifici tradizionali (sostenibilità ante litteram), evidenziando come nel XX secolo si sia cancellato il legame con il fattore sito e con la tradizionale cultura costruttiva, creando le premesse per una ingente e diffusa emergenza qualitativa anche per le costruzioni che ospitano attività produttive primarie. Accennando all’interrogativo se oggi abbia senso una precisa tipologia di edificio produttivo rurale e evidenziando l’importanza delle interrelazioni con gli aspetti socioeconomici del settore produttivo dell’agricoltura, il contributo sottolinea che il costruito rurale nel suo insieme contribuisce all’identità ibrida del paesaggio contemporaneo e conclude dimostrando che proprio l’approccio bioclimatico possa svolgere un ruolo di collante, sia teoretico che operativo, perché contribuisce a creare una comune metodologia, adeguata ad affrontare le sfide contemporanee. superando una certa tendenza alla improvvisazione e eccessivi specialismi e facendo leva su opportune azioni di formazione e divulgazione.The rural built environment, as a multiscale whole of human transformations aimed at accommodating agriculture-related activities, prompts various reflections on the bioclimatic approach in architectural design. This contribution, firstly, highlights the theme of the urban-rural continuum (an intermediate and contradictory place, which epitomizes on-going contemporary transformations) in order to demonstrate that the contrast between urban and rural – although it has been used, since ancient times, on both analytical and design level – has not only been superseded, but is also, theoretically, inadequate for identifying the rural built environment. The link between agricultural and construction activities confirms the overcoming of this contrast; a reading in technological terms is proposed, with reference to the spheres of the product and the process, whilst recollecting its remote and deeply rooted cultural origins. The possible dual and contradictory character (vernacular or scholarly) of the rural built environment is illustrated with reference to the specificity of the bioclimatic aspects recognized in traditional buildings (“ante litteram sustainability”), highlighting how the relationship with the site-factor (microclimatic characteristics and local construction culture) was annulled in the 20th century, also creating the basis for a widespread emergency for the quality of the buildings employed in agricultural activities. Touching upon the question of whether the rural building can be a typology distinct from other production buildings, this paper highlights the importance of the relationships with the socio-economic aspects of the agricultural sector, underlining the fact that the main identity for rural buildings in every age, in addition to the role that they play in the landscape, should be a stronger bond with the environmental elements, showing the centrality of the bioclimatic approach in updating the primordial interactions between agriculture and construction. Furthermore, the distinction between vernacular or scholarly character of the rural buildings prompted a reflection on the contemporary epistemological bases of the bioclimatic approach to general architectural design, which risks being ineffective whether it remains on an empirical level or if it is confined to a hyper-specialized niche. Finally, the bioclimatic approach is indicated as a common analytical and design methodological basis, useful for addressing the contradictory nature of the urban-rural continuum, in the framework of contemporary challenges