Atomic Energy Relations. I

A simple method for the calculation of approximate energies of atomic levels is presented in this paper. It is based on the derivation of linear relations which express the unknown energy in terms of observed energy values of the atom and its ions. It is shown that the degree of approximation increases with the amount of experimental data available for use in the calculation and also how the best formulas can be obtained for each case. Several tables are given containing formulas for configurations involving s and p electrons. They are applied to the spectra of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen and the energy values so determined are compared with those known from observations. In an appendix the method of approximation is compared with the quantum mechanical perturbation method

Separations in Hyperfine Structure

The quantum mechanics conception of a spinning electron in an s state makes it probable that its interaction energy with a nuclear moment i is simply proportional to the average of is cos (is). Expressions for this average cosine have been obtained and applied to different examples. In more complicated cases it can only be said that the interaction energy is proportional to ij cos (ij), which makes the interval rule hold for hyperfine structure

The Paschen-Back Effect of Hyperfine Structure

The study of the Paschen-Back effect in hyperfine structure is of particular interest as it is the only possibility to verify the complete theory of the gradual change of the Zeeman effect from weak to strong fields, as there are no suitable multiplets available for this purpose. The theory of the Zeeman effect for any field strength has been studied by Heisenberg and Jordan [Zeits. f. Physik. 37, 263 (1926)] and by Darwin [Proc. Roy. Soc. A115, 1 (1927)] for the case of ordinary multiplets. There may be shown to be a very close analogy between ordinary multiplets and the hyperfine structure separations, the former being due to the interaction between the total extranuclear moment and the nuclear moment

Der Paschen-Back-Effekt der Hyperfeinstruktur

Die Theorie des Paschen-Back-Effektes für gewöhnliche Multipletts wird erweitert zum Zwecke ihrer Anwendung auf Hyperfeinstrukturen, welche von einem Kernmoment herrühren. Die Ergebnisse werden mit den Backschen Aufnahmen der Wismutlinien verglichen.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45830/1/10050_2005_Article_BF01397522.pd

CRASH2 in Germany [ISRCTN86750102]

ABSTRACT: In June 2005, the Study Centre of the German Surgical Society (SDGC) in Heidelberg, Germany, agreed to participate in the investigator initiated trial CRASH2. Regulatory and administrative affairs within Germany were assigned to the Coordination Centre for Clinical Trials (KKS) at the University of Heidelberg, Germany. For more than nine months the KKS and the SDGC have been trying to procure a separate insurance for CRASH2 in Germany. Unfortunately, these attempts have not been successful, yet. One major reason is the way in which German authorities and authorities of some other countries have interpreted the EU Directive (Directive 2001/20/EC) with regards to the need for "adequate" indemnity for clinical trials. The indemnity insurance for CRASH2 procured by the LSHTM for all participating hospitals throughout the world (except for the USA) did not comply with the limits required by the federal German drug law (AMG)