Depression and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes

Background: Frequency of mood disorders in patients with chronic diseases, especially diabetes and its effects on life quality are dramatically increasing. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relation between depression and quality of life in patients with diabetes. Patients and Methods: This is a cross sectional survey. Subjects were selected from 330 eligible people referred to the only diabetes clinic in Gorgan City during 6 months, using systematic random sampling. Beak Depression questionnaire and the brief questioner with 26 questions recommended by the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF) were used to measure depression and quality of life, respectively. Data were analyzed through descriptive methods, Chi-square, Independent t test and linear regression model using SPSS16; moreover, P value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: In total, 330 patients with diabetes (35.5% male and 64.5% women) were studied. The mean and standard deviation of their age and years involved with diabetes were 50.6 ± 9.0 and 5.4 ± 4.5 years, respectively. Range of age was 25 - 75 years, as well. The prevalence of depression in all patients with diabetes was 58.2% (124 mild, 56 medium, and 12 with severe depression). Hypertension was 13.9% more in diabetic patients with depression (P value < 0.001) and physical activity in 24.7% of the cases was less with a meaningful difference (P value = 0.01). The mean and standard deviation of quality of life in diabetic patients with and without depression was 50.7 ± 14 and 60.5 ± 13.3, respectively that was significant in two groups (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: The prevalence of depression is high in patients with diabetes and has a considerable impact on the consequences of diabetes and quality of life too. © 2015, Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal

Effect of therapeutic intervention on general health of child abused mothers

Background and Objective: Child abuse is a common phenomenon with variety of reasons; the most important one is mother psychiatric disorders. Concurrent interventions in the family can recover the mother and reduce child abuse. This study was done to evaluate the effect of therapeutic intervention on general health of child abused mothers. Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 57 children and their child abused mothers whom referred to child psychiatry and pediatric department of Imam Hossien hospital, Tehran, Iran during November 2009- April 2010. Children and their families were visited by a psychiatrist and depend on the child and the family after either pharmaceutical or psychological interventions was taken. Parent management training was done for all mothers in 8 weekly sessions. General health questionnaire were filled by mothers before intervention in the third and sixth months following the intervention. Results: Total score of general health, depression and anxiety of child abused mothers were 31.3±1.90, 5.26±0.66, 8.10±0.46, respectively. It was significantly increased after six months intervention in comparison with pre-intervention (37.3±2.34, 7.48±0.72, 10.44±0.58, respectively). Conclusion: Appropriate therapeutic intervention and parent management training for mothers can improve general health of child abused mothers

Prevalence of domestic violence against women

Background and Objective: Domestic violence is the most common against women with negative effect on mother’s health, family, children and society. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of domestic violence against women in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross - sectional study was conducted on 500 women referred to Shahid Mohammadi hospital in Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran. Violence and physical injuries were recorded for each woman using a questionnaire. Results: Domestic violence was reported in 460 (92 %) women. The mean age of women was 33.80±8.64 years. The mean years of marriage were 10.53±7.83 years. 389 (77.8%), 102 (20.4%) and 9 (1.8%) of women were housewive, employee and self employee, respectively. 14 (2.8%) women had addiction background. The most common type of violence against women was psychological (54%), followed by verbal (31%), physical (24.8%) and sexual (6.8%). Level of education and addiction in the families were the main factors in domestic violence. Conclusion: Psychological violence is the most common type of domestic violence and it is related to the level of education and addiction in the families

Sleep problems in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

Background and Objective: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. 20-50% of ADHD affacted children have sleep disorders which can cause cognitive and behavioral disorders. This study was done to determine the sleep problems in children with ADHD. Method: In this case control study, 52 children with ADHD was considered as cases and 52 school age children without ADHD as a control group in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2013. Sleep habits (CSHQ) and DSM-IV questionnaires were filled for each child. Results: Sleep problems were observed in 45 (86.5%) and 36 (69.2%) of children in case and control group, respectively (P<0.05). The mean score of sleep problems in case and control group was 48.25±6.61 and 45.87±6.23, respectively (P<0.05). The score of resistance to sleep, anxious habits of sleep and waking during night in cases were more than controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Sleep problems in children with ADHD are more frequent than children without ADHD

Validation of a short Persian-language version of the temperament evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire

BACKGROUND: The original TEMPs-A is a 110-item self-report instrument assessing affective temperaments. It has been translated into 25 languages and validated in more than 12 languages in countries with different cultures. The objective of this study was to validate the Persian brief, 39-item version of the questionnaire. METHODS: After developing the Persian version of the short TEMPS-A through a five-stage method including translation and back-translation, the final autoquestionnaire was validated in a sample of 331 participants from Golestan University of Medical sciences in Iran. RESULTS: Reliability as measured by Cronbach's a was generally good for all TEMPS-A subscales, ranging from 0.632 (irritable subscale) to 0.811 (cyclothymic subscale). Cyclothymic, depressive and irritable were the subscales with the strongest correlations, while hyperthymic with cyclothymic and depressive, and anxious with hyperthymic showed no correlations. Hyperthymic temperament predominated in all participants, followed by anxious temperament. Hyperthy-mic temperament was also the most frequent temperament in the cases with more than one dominant temperament. CONCLUsIONs: Brief-Persian version of TEMPs-A has a generally good internal consistency and can be a useful self-report measure for clinical and epidemiologic research purposes. However, it seems that further adjustments need to be made in order to make the instrument more appropriate for the Iranian culture. © 2020 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA

Effects of melatonin on salivary levels of cortisol and sleep quality of hemodialysis patients: A randomized clinical trial

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous melatonin on the quality of sleep in patients undergoing dialysis and to investigate its mechanism for the regulation of total circadian rhythm and salivary levels of cortisol in hemodialysis patients admitted to Pange Azar hospital in Gorgan in winter of 2017. Method: This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Samples were transferred to the laboratory by maintaining the cold chain. Then, the patients were divided into two groups. In a double-blind trial, one group received three mg melatonin and another group received placebo for two weeks at 10 PM. At the end of two weeks, sampling was performed to investigate the salivary level of cortisol under the same conditions. The research instrument was Pittsburgh questionnaire. Data were analyzed before and after intervention using SPSS 16 software. Results: Salivary levels of cortisol decreased significantly after the intervention in the melatonin group (melatonin: 1.40 ± 1.82 and placebo: 4.94 ± 4.43; P = 0.008). Salivary levels of cortisol in the morning after intervention were also lower in the melatonin group, but were not statistically significant (melatonin 3.99 ± 3.45 and placebo: 5.35 ± 4.9; P = 0.93). Also, the difference in salivary levels of cortisol at night and before and after intervention significantly decreased in melatonin group. PSQI difference (interventional dimension) and PSQI (before intervention) were significantly decreased in melatonin group (P = 0.0001). The rate of change in the subscales of sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and sleep disorders in the melatonin group than in the placebo group was significantly higher. Conclusion: Melatonin can be used as a safe and cost-effective treatment to improve sleep quality and can also reduce salivary cortisol increased in hemodialysis patients at night. Copyright © 2021 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Identification and evaluation of abused children at Imam Hossein hospital

Background: Child abuse is a phenomenon that confronts the child, family, and society with irretrievable physical and mental injuries, and its negative effects continue until adulthood. Objectives: The present study was conducted to identify and evaluate cases of abused children at a medical center. Patients and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study. The subjects were all children and adolescents who were referred to Imam Hussein hospital within 6 months due to physical or psychiatric reasons and were diagnosed with child abuse and neglect by a child and adolescent psychiatrist. The number of these children was 73. Children and their parents were assessed by schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia (SADS), Kiddie-SADS, and child abuse and demographic questionnaires. The statistical methods of mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. Results: 56 cases (76) were physically abused, 53 cases (72.6) were emotionally abused, and 3 cases (12.3) were neglected. The most common psychiatric disorder in abused children was ADHD (65.8). The next most common were oppositional defiant disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, general anxiety disorder, and enuresis. About 80 of the abused children had at least one psychiatric disorder. The most common psychiatric disorders in mothers were general anxiety disorder (34.8) and depression (33.3), and in fathers, it was substance abuse (19.7). Conclusions: Child abuse is a common phenomenon that relates to psychiatric disorders in the abused child or abuser parents. It seems that on-time identification and appropriate interventions can prevent further negative consequences for the child, family, and society. © 2016, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences

Effectiveness of Educating Program on Knowledge, Attitude, and Performance of Primary School Teachers Toward Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: Teachers are regarded to have a key role in the diagnosis, referral, implementation, and follow-up interventions and treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the teachers' knowledge, attitude, and function related to ADHD and evaluate the effectiveness of a training program in this regard. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on teachers in the elementary schools of Gorgan, Iran, in 2014. A total of six one-day workshops were held. In each workshop, 24 teachers were trained about ADHD for 4 h. Teachers' knowledge, attitude, and function were assessed before, immediately after the workshops, and 2 weeks later. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated-measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: The results revealed that older (P < 0.05) and more experienced teachers (P < 0.05), those working at public schools (P < 0.001), and teachers without higher education (P < 0.05) had significantly lower levels of knowledge and less positive attitude toward children with ADHD. In addition, differences between the mean scores before and after the intervention for knowledge (P < 0.001) and attitude (P < 0.001) were statistically significant. Conclusions: Training teachers could improve the teachers' knowledge and attitude toward ADHD. Workshop education appears to be an effective and efficient training method that can decrease the awareness gap between teachers with different experiences and education levels. Copyright © 2021, Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited

Grief Experience After Deaths: Comparison of Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 Causes

The grief caused by loved ones� death causes grief is a global phenomenon. The Covid-19 pandemic caused significant changes in human lifestyles and the experience of grief. The purpose of the present study was to compare grief experiences in the deceased's relatives caused by Covid-19 and non-Covid-19. Seventy-five first- and second-degree relatives of the deceased infected with Covid-19 (n = 33) and non-Covid-19 (n = 42) in a Gorgan hospital in northern Iran were included cross-sectional study using convenience sampling. Data were collected using the GEQ-34 grief experience questionnaire and demographic variables and questions related to funeral and burial. The results revealed that the deceased's burial quality caused by the Covid-19 group was significantly lower (p = 0.035). However, the feeling of the Covid-19 label is significantly higher (p 0.05). Nevertheless, the experience of grief was significantly different in the group of relatives of the deceased infected by Covid-19 in terms of notoriety (P = 0.040) and physical reactions (p = 0.002). Educational interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination due to death caused by Covid-19 and clinical and psychological support of relatives of the deceased due to Covid-19 are recommended by compiling appropriate messages from different channels. © The Author(s) 2022