Do bond yields follow the hierarchy of risk post BRRD?

With a sample of 4,065 bonds issued by 63 banks from 12 euro area countries during 2013–2017, this study investigates how introducing bail‐in regulation has influenced bond yields in secondary markets, by distinguishing between non‐bail‐inable and different classes of bail‐inable bonds. The bail‐in risk premium does not follow the hierarchy of risk; it is stronger for less risky bonds. The effect on the spread between senior unsecured and non‐bail‐inable bonds is much higher than for subordinated bonds. Regarding subordinated bonds, the impact is higher for securities excluded from regulatory capital than for those included

Preventing the deterioration of bank loan portfolio quality: a focus on unlikely-to-pay loans

This study examines determinants of: (a) new flows of unlikely-to-pay loans (UTPs), comparing them to determinants of bad loans; and (b) out-flows from UTPs to performing and bad loans. A novel panel data-set covering the period 2010–2016 is used to test hypotheses relating to lending policy, bank capitalization, bad management, and procyclical credit policy. Determinants identified by the existing literature on the wider category of all non-performing loans are in part confirmed for UTPs and in part rejected. The main findings show: (i) a positive relationship exists between bank capitalization and new flows of both UTPs and bad loans; (ii) reducing cost efficiency increases both new flows of UTPs and the worsening of UTPs towards bad loans; and (iii) having a specific unit/office to manage impaired loans increases flows from UTPs to performing loans, but does not decrease flows to bad loans. Our study is useful for banks seeking to prevent new impaired exposures, to accelerate the transition from UTPs to performing loans, and to prevent UTPs worsening to bad loans. The findings reveal the importance of sound and proactive UTP management, given the need for banks to increase provisions for covering UTPs in the near future

miRNA-guided reprogramming of glucose and glutamine metabolism and its impact on cell adhesion/migration during solid tumor progression

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs about 22 nucleotides in length that regulate the expression of target genes post-transcriptionally, and are highly involved in cancer progression. They are able to impact a variety of cell processes such as proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation and can consequently control tumor initiation, tumor progression and metastasis formation. miRNAs can regulate, at the same time, metabolic gene expression which, in turn, influences relevant traits of malignancy such as cell adhesion, migration and invasion. Since the interaction between metabolism and adhesion or cell movement has not, to date, been well understood, in this review, we will specifically focus on miRNA alterations that can interfere with some metabolic processes leading to the modulation of cancer cell movement. In addition, we will analyze the signaling pathways connecting metabolism and adhesion/migration, alterations that often affect cancer cell dissemination and metastasis formation

Stroma-derived miR-214 coordinates tumor dissemination

BackgroundTumor progression is based on a close interaction between cancer cells and Tumor MicroEnvironment (TME). Here, we focus on the role that Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs), Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and microRNAs (miRs) play in breast cancer and melanoma malignancy.MethodsWe used public databases to investigate miR-214 expression in the stroma compartment of primary human samples and evaluated tumor formation and dissemination following tumor cell injections in miR-214 overexpressing (miR-214(over)) and knock out (miR-214(ko)) mice. In addition, we dissected the impact of Conditioned Medium (CM) or Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) derived from miR-214-rich or depleted stroma cells on cell metastatic traits.ResultsWe evidence that the expression of miR-214 in human cancer or metastasis samples mostly correlates with stroma components and, in particular, with CAFs and MSCs. We present data revealing that the injection of tumor cells in miR-214(over) mice leads to increased extravasation and metastasis formation. In line, treatment of cancer cells with CM or EVs derived from miR-214-enriched stroma cells potentiate cancer cell migration/invasion in vitro. Conversely, dissemination from tumors grown in miR-214(ko) mice is impaired and metastatic traits significantly decreased when CM or EVs from miR-214-depleted stroma cells are used to treat cells in culture. Instead, extravasation and metastasis formation are fully re-established when miR-214(ko) mice are pretreated with miR-214-rich EVs of stroma origin. Mechanistically, we also show that tumor cells are able to induce miR-214 production in stroma cells, following the activation of IL-6/STAT3 signaling, which is then released via EVs subsequently up-taken by cancer cells. Here, a miR-214-dependent pro-metastatic program becomes activated.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the relevance of stroma-derived miR-214 and its release in EVs for tumor dissemination, which paves the way for miR-214-based therapeutic interventions targeting not only tumor cells but also the TME

Effect of opiate receptor blockade on the insulin response to oral glucose load in polycystic ovarian disease

In order to test the hypothesis that endogenous opiates are at least partially responsible for hyperinsulinaemia in patients with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD), the effect of naloxone (an opiate receptor blocker) on the insulin response to oral glucose load (OGTT) was studied in 20 women with PCOD and 17 control subjects at days 5-8 of their follicular phase. After fasting overnight for 10-12 h, each woman received an i.v. bolus injection (2 mg) of naloxone or an equal volume of saline infusion followed by a constant infusion of naloxone or saline solution at a rate of 8 ml/h (1 mg/h of naloxone) for 5 h. OGTT (75 g) was performed 1 h after the bolus injection. The naloxone study was performed 48 h after the saline study. Naloxone did not modify the insulin response to OGTT in either group. When the data were related to the insulin response, in PCOD hyperinsulinaemic patients, naloxone significantly reduced (P less than 0.02) the insulin response to OGTT without any change in glycaemic response curves. In control and PCOD normoinsulinaemic patients, naloxone did not change significantly either the glycaemia or the insulin levels after OGTT. No change of gonadotrophin and steroid secretion was found in any patient receiving naloxone. In conclusion, endogenous opiates may play a significant role in hyperinsulinaemia in PCO

Computers in Secondary Schools: Educational Games

This entry introduces educational games in secondary schools. Educational games include three main types of educational activities with a playful learning intention supported by digital technologies: educational serious games, educational gamification, and learning through game creation. Educational serious games are digital games that support learning objectives. Gamification is defined as the use of "game design elements and game thinking in a non-gaming context" (Deterding et al. 2011, p. 13). Educational gamification is not developed through a digital game but includes game elements for supporting the learning objectives. Learning through game creation is focused on the process of designing and creating a prototype of a game to support a learning process related to the game creation process or the knowledge mobilized through the game creation process. Four modalities of educational games in secondary education are introduced in this entry to describe educational games in secondary education: educational purpose of entertainment games, serious games, gamification, and game design

Acute Modulation of Adipose Tissue Lipolysis by Intravenous Estrogens

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether intravenous (IV) conjugated estrogens (EST) acutely enhance the suppression of whole-body or regional subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) lipolysis by insulin in postmenopausal women. Research Methods and Procedures: We assessed whole-body lipolysis by [2H5]glycerol rate of appearance (GlycRA) and abdominal and femoral SAT lipolysis (interstitial glycerol; GlycIS) by subcutaneous microdialysis. Postmenopausal women (n = 12) were studied on two occasions, with IV EST or saline control (CON), under basal conditions and during a 3-stage (4, 8, and 40 mU/m2/ min) hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp. Ethanol outflow/inflow ratio and recovery of [13C] glycerol during microdialysis were used to assess blood flow changes and interstitial glycerol concentrations, respectively. Results: Compared with CON, EST did not affect systemic basal or insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis (GlycRA) or SAT nutritive blood flow. Basal GlycIS in SAT was reduced on the EST day. However, insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis in SAT was not significantly influenced by EST. Discussion: These findings suggest that estrogens acutely reduce basal lipolysis in SAT through an unknown mechanism but do not alter whole-body or SAT suppression of lipolysis by insulin. Originally published Obesity (Silver Spring), Vol. 14, No. 12, Dec 200