Evaluating the Conventional Pushover Procedures for Estimating the Seismic Performance of Steel Plate Shear Walls

ABSTRACT: The seismic performance demands of steel plate shear wall (SPSW) are estimated through the conventional pushover procedures. Reliability of the pushover analysis is verified through nonlinear time history analysis (NTHAs) on 9-, 6-and 3-story SPSW frames subjected to seven scaled earthquake records according to ASCE/SEI 7-05 provisions. Story drifts, displacements and story shears are the main parameters studied. A relatively accurate estimation is observed by pushover procedures compared to NTHAs. The accuracy of estimation shows an increase with respect to the height

Material and Geometrical Nonlinear Analysis of Structures Using Improved Applied Element Method (IAEM)

In this paper, first the theory of Improved Applied Element Method (IAEM) is proposed and then an appropriate algorithm and software are developed for analyzing structures behavior until collapse by this method. Then, some examples of structural analysis by the above method and a software developed for this study are presented. The results show that IAEM has the ability to solve the discussed problems more accurately in less time than Finite Element Method (FEM). Moreover, the efficiency of the method for solving large displacements problems is enhanced in this research by introducing nonlinear response indicators. For modification of the stiffness matrix in the nonlinear range, a new method is presented that increases the accuracy of calculation up to 30%

E‌F‌F‌E‌C‌T O‌F O‌P‌E‌N‌I‌N‌G O‌N T‌H‌E L‌A‌T‌E‌R‌A‌L S‌T‌I‌F‌F‌N‌E‌S‌S O‌F M‌A‌S‌O‌N‌R‌Y W‌A‌L‌L‌S W‌I‌T‌H A‌N‌D W‌I‌T‌H‌O‌U‌T C‌O‌N‌C‌R‌E‌T‌E T‌I‌E‌S

N‌e‌c‌e‌s‌s‌i‌t‌y f‌o‌r m‌a‌k‌i‌n‌g o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g‌s i‌n m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l‌s d‌u‌e t‌o a‌r‌c‌h‌i‌t‌e‌c‌t‌u‌r‌a‌l c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s j‌u‌s‌t‌i‌f‌i‌e‌s a c‌o‌m‌p‌r‌e‌h‌e‌n‌s‌i‌v‌e s‌t‌u‌d‌y t‌o h‌a‌v‌e a t‌h‌o‌r‌o‌u‌g‌h u‌n‌d‌e‌r‌s‌t‌a‌n‌d‌i‌n‌g o‌f t‌h‌e b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r o‌f m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l‌s w‌i‌t‌h o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g‌s. B‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n s‌i‌z‌e a‌n‌d p‌l‌a‌c‌e o‌f a‌n o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g, d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t m‌o‌d‌e‌s o‌f f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e m‌a‌y d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p w‌i‌t‌h‌i‌n t‌h‌e b‌o‌d‌y o‌f w‌a‌l‌l. F‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e a‌r‌o‌u‌n‌d t‌h‌e o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g c‌a‌n g‌o‌v‌e‌r‌n t‌h‌e t‌o‌t‌a‌l l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r o‌f a m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l. I‌f t‌h‌e p‌i‌e‌r b‌e‌s‌i‌d‌e‌s a‌n o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g i‌s t‌o‌o s‌l‌e‌n‌d‌e‌r, i‌n-p‌l‌a‌n‌e o‌r o‌u‌t-o‌f-p‌l‌a‌n‌e b‌u‌c‌k‌l‌i‌n‌g m‌i‌g‌h‌t o‌c‌c‌u‌r d‌u‌e t‌o l‌a‌r‌g‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌r‌e‌s‌s‌i‌o‌n i‌n s‌u‌c‌h c‌o‌m‌p‌o‌n‌e‌n‌t‌s u‌n‌d‌e‌r o‌v‌e‌r‌t‌u‌r‌n‌i‌n‌g m‌o‌m‌e‌n‌t o‌f w‌a‌l‌l. S‌i‌n‌c‌e a l‌a‌r‌g‌e o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌e‌s t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e h‌o‌r‌i‌z‌o‌n‌t‌a‌l s‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌r‌e‌a o‌f a m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l, s‌h‌e‌a‌r f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e i‌n t‌h‌e s‌h‌a‌p‌e o‌f l‌o‌n‌g a‌n‌d w‌i‌d‌e d‌i‌a‌g‌o‌n‌a‌l c‌r‌a‌c‌k‌s m‌i‌g‌h‌t g‌o‌v‌e‌r‌n t‌h‌e l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r. O‌n t‌h‌e o‌t‌h‌e‌r h‌a‌n‌d, i‌f n‌o s‌u‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌t d‌e‌p‌t‌h r‌e‌m‌a‌i‌n‌s f‌o‌r t‌h‌e l‌i‌n‌t‌e‌l a‌b‌o‌v‌e a t‌a‌l‌l o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g, t‌h‌e w‌a‌l‌l m‌i‌g‌h‌t f‌a‌i‌l b‌e‌c‌a‌u‌s‌e o‌f s‌h‌e‌a‌r o‌r b‌e‌n‌d‌i‌n‌g f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e o‌f t‌h‌e l‌i‌n‌t‌e‌l a‌s a l‌o‌c‌a‌l b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌y, l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌p‌o‌n‌s‌e o‌f m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l‌s w‌i‌t‌h o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g‌s i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌i‌e‌d. T‌h‌e n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌i‌n‌g a‌n‌d a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s i‌s f‌o‌l‌l‌o‌w‌e‌d a‌n‌d t‌h‌e d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s a‌r‌e v‌a‌l‌i‌d‌a‌t‌e‌d u‌s‌i‌n‌g a‌v‌a‌i‌l‌a‌b‌l‌e e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s. S‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d f‌o‌r v‌a‌l‌i‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s i‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌e t‌w‌o m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l‌s c‌o‌n‌f‌i‌n‌e‌d w‌i‌t‌h r‌e‌i‌n‌f‌o‌r‌c‌e‌d c‌o‌n‌c‌r‌e‌t‌e p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r t‌i‌e‌s a‌n‌d o‌n‌e m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l w‌i‌t‌h n‌o t‌i‌e‌s. V‌a‌l‌i‌d‌i‌t‌y o‌f t‌h‌e n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n e‌s‌t‌a‌b‌l‌i‌s‌h‌e‌d a‌g‌a‌i‌n‌s‌t t‌h‌e e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌l s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s w‌i‌t‌h‌i‌n A‌b‌a‌q‌u‌s s‌o‌f‌t‌w‌a‌r‌e u‌s‌i‌n‌g n‌o‌n‌l‌i‌n‌e‌a‌r s‌t‌a‌t‌i‌c a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s. V‌a‌r‌i‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s i‌n t‌h‌e s‌i‌z‌e, l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌d a‌s‌p‌e‌c‌t r‌a‌t‌i‌o o‌f t‌h‌e o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g a‌r‌e t‌a‌k‌e‌n i‌n‌t‌o a‌c‌c‌o‌u‌n‌t a‌n‌d t‌h‌e l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l s‌t‌i‌f‌f‌n‌e‌s‌s a‌n‌d s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h o‌f t‌h‌e w‌a‌l‌l‌s a‌r‌e c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d. I‌n a‌d‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n, a s‌e‌r‌i‌e‌s o‌f e‌q‌u‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n t‌h‌e s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h o‌f m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌s f‌o‌r s‌i‌m‌p‌l‌e c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l s‌t‌i‌f‌f‌n‌e‌s‌s, s‌t‌r‌e‌n‌g‌t‌h a‌n‌d d‌u‌c‌t‌i‌l‌i‌t‌y o‌f m‌a‌s‌o‌n‌r‌y w‌a‌l‌l‌s w‌i‌t‌h o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g. T‌h‌i‌s h‌a‌s t‌h‌e i‌m‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌n‌t a‌d‌v‌a‌n‌t‌a‌g‌e o‌f a‌v‌o‌i‌d‌i‌n‌g c‌o‌m‌p‌l‌e‌x a‌n‌d t‌i‌m‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌u‌m‌i‌n‌g 3D n‌o‌n‌l‌i‌n‌e‌a‌r f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌e-e‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s f‌o‌r t‌h‌e s‌a‌m‌e p‌u‌r‌p‌o‌s‌e. T‌o d‌o t‌h‌i‌s t‌a‌s‌k, t‌h‌r‌e‌e d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t c‌a‌s‌e‌s o‌f f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e a‌r‌e a‌c‌c‌o‌u‌n‌t‌e‌d f‌o‌r t‌h‌e w‌a‌l‌l‌s i‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌i‌n‌g: w‌h‌e‌n p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌c‌e o‌f t‌h‌e o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g i‌s n‌o‌t e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e, w‌h‌e‌n b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r o‌f t‌h‌e t‌w‌o p‌i‌e‌r‌s b‌e‌s‌i‌d‌e‌s t‌h‌e o‌p‌e‌n‌i‌n‌g i‌s g‌o‌v‌e‌r‌n‌i‌n‌g, a‌n‌d w‌h‌e‌n t‌h‌e o‌v‌e‌r‌h‌e‌a‌d l‌i‌n‌t‌e‌l g‌o‌v‌e‌r‌n‌s t‌h‌e l‌a‌t‌e‌r‌a‌l b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r o‌f w‌a‌l‌l. E‌a‌c‌h o‌f t‌h‌e m‌e‌n‌t‌i‌o‌n‌e‌d c‌a‌s‌e‌s i‌s i‌n t‌u‌r‌n d‌i‌v‌i‌d‌e‌d i‌n‌t‌o o‌t‌h‌e‌r s‌u‌b-c‌a‌s‌e‌s a‌n‌d s‌e‌v‌e‌r‌a‌l n‌o‌n‌l‌i‌n‌e‌a‌r f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌e-e‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌e‌s a‌r‌e u‌n‌d‌e‌r‌t‌a‌k‌e‌n. R‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s o‌f t‌h‌e d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l e‌q‌u‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌r‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌e‌d a‌n‌d c‌a‌l‌i‌b‌r‌a‌t‌e‌d w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌o‌s‌e o‌f t‌h‌e f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌e-e‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s a‌n‌d t‌h‌e d‌e‌s‌i‌r‌a‌b‌l‌e a‌c‌c‌u‌r‌a‌c‌y o‌f t‌h‌e r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d i‌n t‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌y i‌s c‌o‌n‌f‌i‌r‌m‌e‌d

Diagnostic value of colposcopy for identifying precancerous lesions of cervix in patients with abnormal pap smear

Background: Cervical carcinoma was among the most common neoplasm of females. Screening and diagnostics tests are widely used to identify the precancerous lesions. The present study was conducted to determine the diagnostic value of colposcopy for identifying precancerous lesions of cervix in patients with abnormal pap smear referring to ShabihKhani hospital in Kashan during an academic year. Materials and methods: This clinical trail was performed on 100 females with abnormal pap smear. They all underwent colposcopy and punch biopsy. They were assigned in two groups of positive negative according to the findings of colposcopy and biopsy. Results : The mean age of the candidates was 44.6±13.3 years. Colposcopy has a sensitivity of 79.2 and specificity of 63.8. Positive and negative predictive values were 71.2 and 73.2, respectively the total accuracy of the colposcopy was 72. Colposcopy has shown higher sensitivity for high grade lesions. Conclusion : Results have revealed that colposcopy could not identify precancerous lesions regardless of punch biopsy and cytology. With respect to the adequate sensitivity of colposcopy in high grade lesions, one could only rely on colposcopy findings when it reveals a high grade lesion. This screening technique is valuable for patient follow up in low grade lesions and diagnose of high grade lesion before the therapeutic approac

Results of clinical and sonographic estimation of fetal weight

Background: Accurate estimated fetal weight (EFW) has importance in the management of labor and delivery. Estimated fetal weight was done in two sonographic and clinical ways (Palpation of abdomen). Many studies have been conducted for comparing clinical and sonographic EFW. With regard to contraindications and absence of studies in this area, this research was conducted on women admitted due to termination of pregnancy in Shabih Khani Maternity Hospital in 1383 Materials and Methods: This research as a cross-sectional study was done on 100 women with gestational 37/42-week ages admitted for termination of pregnancy. Excluded criteria consists of premature rupture of membrane, placenta abruption- placenta previa , preeclampsia, fetal abnormality , amniotic fluid disorder Clinical estimation in labor was performed by senior resident or obstetrician and sonographic estimation was performed by sonographists. The actual birth weight was determined by electronic scales and recorded in the chart immediately after delivery. Accuracy of birth weight estimation was determined by calculating the percentage error, and the proportion of estimates within 10% of the actual birth weight. Then processing of information performed by chi-square, fisher exact test and relative risk was determined Results : study on 100 pregnant woman showed mean age was 22.5 ± 4.5 and mean gestational age was . 39.2 ± 0.9 and mean birth weight was 3513 ± 370.3 .Birth weight in %10 of new born was less than 3000 gr and %12 of birth weight was more than 4000 gr . In total pregnant women clinical estimation in (83 women) 83% and sonographic estimation in (67 women) 67% was acceptable in which statically were important (P= 0.009).In birth weight less than 3000 gr sonographic estimate better than clinical estimate p<0, 03 Conclusion: regarding that most of fetus is reneged between 3000-4000 gr. accuracy of clinical estimation is often more than sonographic estimation so that we can perform EFW by simple weight and without cost. But in cases such as low birth weight that sonographic estimation of weight as direct diagnosis are defined and in obese women due to difficulty of clinical estimation , we suggest sonographic estimation to use

Investigating the effect of the number of end-panel studs on the seismic properties of cold-formed light-steel shear-panel braces

Detailed investigation of the effect of the number of end-panel studs on the seismic properties of light-steel shear-panel braces in cold-formed steel frames and in particular the associated response modification coefficients (R) factor, are presented in this paper. A total of 6 full-scale 1200×2400 mm specimens are considered, and the responses investigated under a standard cyclic loading regime. Of particular interest are the specimens’ maximum lateral load capacity and deformation behavior as well as a rational estimation of the seismic response modification factor. The study also looks at the failure modes of the system and investigates the main factors contributing to the ductile response of the tested shear-panel braces in order to suggest improvements so that braces respond plastically with a significant drift and without any risk of brittle failure, such as connection failure or stud buckling

Effect of Dissatisfaction with Academic Field on Class Silence Behavior

Aims: Educational field satisfaction and participation in class activities and training process are very important factors in educational success and quality. Students, who are not interested in their educational field, don't have sufficient motivation for proper study in their fields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dissatisfaction with educational field in the class silence behavior. Instrument & Methods: In this descriptive research in 2014-15 academic year, 382 students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences of Yazd City, Iran, were selected by stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire with 24 questions was used to measure the class silence and dissatisfaction with educational field. Data were analyzed in SPSS 16 software by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis and Linear regression tests. Findings: Students were satisfied with their field and did not recognize themselves as silent persons in class. Dissatisfaction with educational field was effective on class silence (p=0.0001) and 0.227 of variability of silence was explained by dissatisfaction with educational field (p=0.0001). Conclusion: Dissatisfaction with educational field is effective on lack of student participation in the educational process and being silent in class

The effect of cognitive structure on class silence

Introduction: Class silence behavior, specialized and public knowledge are effective in the quality of education. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cognitive structure on class silence of university classes. Methods: This study was done on a sample of 382 students from the community of students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. They were selected by a stratified random sampling in 1393-94. This descriptive study was done with 2 researcher-made questionnaires with 14 and 11 questions for class silence and cognitive structure, respectively. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed after a psychometric process. Their reliability was calculated with Cronbach's alpha. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.91 for class silence and it was 81% for cognitive construction. Data were analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling by Smart PLS 3.2.1. Results: According to the results of this study, cognitive structure, determined 66% of the changes in class silence. This model had a relatively high predictive power. Conclusion: Learners cognitive structure is effective in their class participation and class silence behavior. To improve the quality of education and class participation of learners in teaching processes it must be more emphasized on general study and quality and the efficient way of specialized study

Misoprostol abortion: Ultrasonography versus beta-hCG testing for verification of effectiveness

Background and Objective: Miscarriage is a common complication of early pregnancy with medical and psychological consequences. Dilation and Curettage are considered as two standard caring ways for early pregnancy failure. Alternatively misoprostol has been used as a single agent for termination of early pregnancy. Aim of the present study was to compare the usefulness of serum β-hCG measurement and ultrasound examination to predict complete abortion after medical induction. Methods: There were one hundred and thirty three patients experiencing missed abortion or blighted ovum. Ultrasound examination and serum β-hCG test were performed before treatment and during followup in all these patients. Results: Treatment was successful without any need for surgical intervention in 92.4 of the cases. Both methods could verify the complete abortion among all the patients at the end of the study (4th week). Kappa agreement coefficient for the two methods of diagnosis was 0.327 (P < 0.5). Conclusion: Based on our results, β- hCG is as effective as ultrasound in confirming a successful medically induced abortion in early pregnancy, but it should be used as supplements to clinical assessments