Very High Energy Gamma-ray spectral properties of Mrk 501 from CAT Cerenkov telescope observations in 1997

The BL Lac object Mrk 501 went into a very high state of activity during 1997, both in VHE gamma-rays and X-rays. We present here results from observations at energies above 250 GeV carried out between March and October 1997 with the CAT Cerenkov imaging Telescope. The average differential spectrum between 30 GeV and 13 TeV shows significant curvature and is well represented by phi_0 * E_TeV^{-(alpha + beta*log10(E_TeV))}, with: phi_0 = 5.19 +/- 0.13 {stat} +/- 0.12 {sys-MC} +1.66/-1.04 {sys-atm} * 10^-11 /cm^2/s/TeV alpha = 2.24 +/- 0.04 {stat} +/- 0.05 {sys} beta = 0.50 +/- 0.07 {stat} (negligible systematics). The TeV spectral energy distribution of Mrk 501 clearly peaks in the range 500 GeV-1 TeV. Investigation of spectral variations shows a significant hardness-intensity correlation with no measurable effect on the curvature. This can be described as an increase of the peak TeV emission energy with intensity. Simultaneous and quasi-simultaneous CAT VHE gamma-ray and BeppoSAX hard X-ray detections for the highest recorded flare on 16th April and for lower-activity states of the same period show correlated variability with a higher luminosity in X-rays than in gamma-rays. The observed spectral energy distribution and the correlated variability between X-rays and gamma-rays, both in amplitude and in hardening of spectra, favour a two-component emission scheme where the low and high energy components are attributed to synchrotron and inverse Compton (IC) radiation, respectively.Comment: Submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics, 8 pages including 6 figures. Published with minor change

Observation of the Crab Nebula Gamma-Ray Emission Above 220 Gev by the Cat Cherenkov Imaging Telescope

The CAT imaging telescope, recently built on the site of the former solar plant Themis (French Pyrenees), observed gamma-rays from the Crab nebula from October 1996 to March 1997. This steady source, often considered as the standard candle of very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy, is used as a test-beam to probe the performances of the new telescope, particularly its energy threshold (220 GeV at 20 degrees zenith angle) and the stability of its response. Due to the fine-grain camera, an accurate analysis of the longitudinal profiles of shower images is performed, yielding the source position in two dimensions for each individual shower.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, Tex, contribution to 25th ICRC Durba

Detection of Vhe Gamma-Rays from MRK 501 with the Cat Imaging Telescope

The CAT imaging telescope on the site on the former solar plant Themis has been observing gamma-rays from Mrk501 above 220 GeV in March and April 1997. This source is shown to be highly variable and the light curve is presented. The detected gamma-ray rate for the most intense flare is in excess of 10 per minute.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, Tex, contribution to 25th ICRC Durba

The CAT Imaging Telescope for Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy

The CAT (Cherenkov Array at Themis) imaging telescope, equipped with a very-high-definition camera (546 fast phototubes with 0.12 degrees spacing surrounded by 54 larger tubes in two guard rings) started operation in Autumn 1996 on the site of the former solar plant Themis (France). Using the atmospheric Cherenkov technique, it detects and identifies very high energy gamma-rays in the range 250 GeV to a few tens of TeV. The instrument, which has detected three sources (Crab nebula, Mrk 421 and Mrk 501), is described in detail.Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures. submitted to Elsevier Preprin

Detection of the BL Lac object 1ES1426+428 in the Very High Energy gamma-ray band by the CAT Telescope from 1998-2000

The BL Lac Object 1ES 1426+428, at a red-shift of z=0.129, has been monitored by the CAT telescope from February 1998 to June 2000. The accumulation of 26 hours of observations shows a gamma-ray signal of 321 events above 250 GeV at 5.2 standard deviations, determined using data analysis cuts adapted to a weak, steep-spectrum source. The source emission has an average flux of Phi_diff(400 GeV) = 6.73 +/- 1.27stat +/- 1.45syst x 10^-11 /cm^-2/s/TeV, and a very steep spectrum, with a differential spectral index of gamma = -3.60 +/- 0.57 which can be refined to gamma = -3.66 +/- 0.41 using a higher flux data subset. If, as expected from its broad-band properties, the Very High Energy emission is hard at the source, these observations support a strong absorption effect of gamma-rays by the Intergalactic Infrared field.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in A&A Letter

First detection of a VHE gamma-ray spectral maximum from a cosmic source: HESS discovery of the Vela X nebula

The Vela supernova remnant (SNR) is a complex region containing a number of sources of non-thermal radiation. The inner section of this SNR, within 2 degrees of the pulsar PSR B0833-45, has been observed by the HESS γ-ray atmospheric Cherenkov detector in 2004 and 2005. A strong signal is seen from an extended region to the south of the pulsar, within an integration region of radius 0.8° around the position (α = 08h35 m00s, δ = -45°36′ J2000.0). The excess coincides with a region of hard X-ray emission seen by the ROSAT and ASCA satellites. The observed energy spectrum of the source between 550 GeV and 65 TeV is well fit by a power law function with photon index Γ = 1.45 ± 0.09stat ± 0.2sys and an exponential cutoff at an energy of 13.8 ± 2.3stat ± 4.1 sys TeV. The integral flux above 1 TeV is (1.28 ± 0.17 stat ± 0.38sys) × 10-11 cm -2 s-1. This result is the first clear measurement of a peak in the spectral energy distribution from a VHE γ-ray source, likely related to inverse Compton emission. A fit of an Inverse Compton model to the HESS spectral energy distribution gives a total energy in non-thermal electrons of ∼2 × 1045 erg between 5 TeV and 100 TeV, assuming a distance of 290 parsec to the pulsar. The best fit electron power law index is 2.0, with a spectral break at 67 TeV. © ESO 2006.F. A. Aharonian...G. P. Rowell...et al

Discovery of extended VHE gamma-ray emission from the asymmetric pulsar wind nebula in MSH 15-52 with H.E.S.S.

The Supernova Remnant MSH 15-52 has been observed in very high energy (VHE) γ-rays using the HESS 4-telescope array located in Namibia. A γ-ray signal is detected at the 25 sigma level during an exposure of 22.1 h live time. The image reveals an elliptically shaped emission region around the pulsar PSR B1509-58, with semi-major axis ∼ 6′ in the NW-SE direction and semi-minor axis ∼ 2′. This morphology coincides with the diffuse pulsar wind nebula as observed at X-ray energies by ROSAT. The overall energy spectrum from 280 GeV up to 40TeV can be fitted by a power law with photon index Γ = 2.27 ±0.03stat ±0.20syst. The detected emission can be plausibly explained by inverse Compton scattering of accelerated relativistic electrons with soft photons. © ESO 2005.F. A. Aharonian ... G. P. Rowell ... et al

Very high energy gamma rays from the composite SNR G 0.9+0.1

Very high energy (>100 GeV) gamma-ray emission has been detected for the first time from the composite supernova remnant G 0.9+0.1 using the HESS instrument. The source is detected with a significance of ≈13σ, and a photon flux above 200 GeV of (5.7 ± 0.7 stat ± 1.2 sys) × 10 -12 cm -2 s -1, making it one of the weakest sources ever detected at TeV energies. The photon spectrum is compatible with a power law (dN/dE ∝ E Γ) with photon index Γ = 2.40 ± 0.11 stat ± 0.20 sys. The gamma-ray emission appears to originate in the plerionic core of the remnant, rather than the shell, and can be plausibly explained as inverse Compton scattering of relativistic electrons. © ESO 2005.F. Aharonian...G. Rowell...et al

Discovery of the binary pulsar PSRB1259-63 in very-high-energy gamma rays around periastron with HESS

We report the discovery of very-high-energy (VHE) γ-ray emission of the binary system PSR B1259-63/SS 2883 of a radio pulsar orbiting a massive, luminous Be star in a highly eccentric orbit. The observations around the 2004 periastron passage of the pulsar were performed with the four 13m Cherenkov telescopes of the HESS experiment, recently installed in Namibia and in full operation since December 2003. Between February and June 2004, a γ-ray signal from the binary system was detected with a total significance above 13σ. The flux was found to vary significantly on timescales of days which makes PSR B1259-63 the first variable galactic source of VHE γ-rays observed so far. Strong emission signals were observed in pre- and post-periastron phases with a flux minimum around periastron, followed by a gradual flux decrease in the months after. The measured time-averaged energy spectrum above a mean threshold energy of 380 GeV can be fitted by a simple power law F 0(E/1 TeV) -Γ with a photon index Γ = 2.7 ± 0.2 stat ± 0.2 sys and flux normalisation F 0 = (1.3 ± 0.l stat ± 0.3 sys) × 10 -12 TeV -1 cm -2 s -1. This detection of VHE γ-rays provides unambiguous evidence for particle acceleration to multi-TeV energies in the binary system. In combination with coeval observations of the X-ray synchrotron emission by the RXTE and INTEGRAL instruments, and assuming the VHE γ-ray emission to be produced by the inverse Compton mechanism, the magnetic field strength can be directly estimated to be of the order of 1 G. © ESO 2005.F. Aharonian,... G. Rowell,..., and S. J. Wagner [et al

Discovery of VHE gamma rays from PKS 2005-489

The high-frequency peaked BL Lac PKS 2005-489 (z = 0.071) was observed in 2003 and 2004 with the HESS stereoscopic array of imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in Namibia. A signal was detected at the 6.7σ level in the 2004 observations (24.2 h live time), but not in the 2003 data set (27.3 h live time). PKS 2005-489 is the first blazar independently discovered by HESS to be an emitter of VHE photons, and only the second such blazar in the Southern Hemisphere. The integral flux above 200 GeV observed in 2004 is (6.9 ± 1.0 stat ± 1.4 syst) × 10 -12 cm -2 s -1, corresponding to ∼2.5% of the flux observed from the Crab Nebula. The 99% upper limit on the flux in 2003, I(>200 GeV) < 5.2 × 10 -12 cm -2 s -1, is smaller than the flux measured in 2004, suggesting an increased level of activity in 2004. However, the data show no evidence for significant variability on any time scale less than a year. An energy spectrum is measured and is characterized by a very soft power law (photon index of Γ = 4.0 ± 0.4). © ESO 2005.Aharonian, F... Rowell, G... et al