133 research outputs found
On various types of nilpotency of the structure monoid and group of a set-theoretic solution of the Yang--Baxter equation
Given a finite bijective non-degenerate set-theoretic solution of the
Yang--Baxter equation we characterize when its structure monoid is
Malcev nilpotent. Applying this characterization to solutions coming from
racks, we rediscover some results obtained recently by Lebed and Mortier, and
by Lebed and Vendramin on the description of finite abelian racks and quandles.
We also investigate bijective non-degenerate multipermutation (not
necessarily finite) solutions and show, for example, that this property
is equivalent to the solution associated to the structure monoid
(respectively structure group ) being a multipermuation solution and
that is solvable of derived length not exceeding the
multipermutation level of enlarged by one, generalizing results of
Gateva-Ivanova and Cameron obtained in the involutive case. Moreover, we also
prove that if is finite and is nilpotent, then the torsion part
of the group is finite, it coincides with the commutator subgroup
of the additive structure of the skew left brace and is a
trivial left brace.Comment: 35 page
Higgs boson as a gluon trigger: the study of QCD in high pile-up environments
In the forthcoming high-luminosity phase of the LHC many of the most
interesting measurements for precision QCD studies are hampered by large
pile-up conditions, especially at not very high transverse momenta. However,
with the recently discovered Higgs boson, which couples in the heavy top limit
directly to gluons, we have access to a novel production process to probe QCD
by a colour-singlet current. In this study we compare observables in Higgs
boson and Drell-Yan production and investigate whether measuring ratios or
subtractions can yield results that are stable in high pile-up environments,
and yet sensitive to (small-) QCD physics in gluon fusion
processes. We present results of Monte Carlo event generator calculations for a
few specific examples.Comment: 7 pages, 10 figures, DIS2014 conference proceeding
Gauging the three-nucleon spectator equation
We derive relativistic three-dimensional integral equations describing the
interaction of the three-nucleon system with an external electromagnetic field.
Our equations are unitary, gauge invariant, and they conserve charge. This has
been achieved by applying the recently introduced gauging of equations method
to the three-nucleon spectator equations where spectator nucleons are always on
mass shell. As a result, the external photon is attached to all possible places
in the strong interaction model, so that current and charge conservation are
implemented in the theoretically correct fashion. Explicit expressions are
given for the three-nucleon bound state electromagnetic current, as well as the
transition currents for the scattering processes
\gamma He3 -> NNN, Nd -> \gamma Nd, and \gamma He3 -> Nd. As a result, a
unified covariant three-dimensional description of the NNN-\gamma NNN system is
achieved.Comment: 23 pages, REVTeX, epsf, 4 Postscript figure
Preserving the gauge invariance of meson production currents in the presence of explicit final-state interactions
A comprehensive formalism is developed to preserve the gauge invariance of
currents describing the photo- or electroproduction of mesons off the nucleon
when the final-state interactions of mesons and nucleons is taken into account
explicitly. Replacing exchange currents by auxiliary currents, it is found that
all contributions due to explicit final-state interactions are purely
transverse and do not contain a Kroll-Ruderman-type contact current. The
relation of the present formulation to tree-level-type prescriptions is shown.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures; published versio
Gauge-invariant theory of pion photoproduction with dressed hadrons
Based on an effective field theory of hadrons in which quantum chromodynamics
is assumed to provide the necessary bare cutoff functions, a gauge-invariant
theory of pion photoproduction with fully dressed nucleons is developed. The
formalism provides consistent dynamical descriptions of pi-N --> pi-N
scattering and Gamma-N --> pi-N production mechanisms in terms of nonlinear
integral equations for fully dressed hadrons. Defining electromagnetic currents
via the gauging of hadronic n-point Green's functions, dynamically detailed
currents for dressed nucleons are introduced. The dressed hadron currents and
the pion photoproduction current are explicitly shown to satisfy gauge
invariance in a self-consistent manner. Approximations are discussed that make
the nonlinear formalism manageable in practice and yet preserve gauge
invariance. This is achieved by recasting the gauge conditions for all
contributing interaction currents as continuity equations with ``surface''
terms for the individual particle legs coming into or going out of the hadronic
interaction region. General procedures are given that approximate any type of
(global) interaction current in a gauge-invariance preserving manner as a sum
of single-particle ``surface'' currents. It is argued that these prescriptions
carry over to other reactions, irrespective of the number or type of
contributing hadrons or hadronic systems.Comment: 33 pages, RevTeX; includes 8 postscript figures (requires psfig.sty).
This version corrects some minor errors, etc.; contains updated references.
Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C56 (Oct. 97
Effects of hyperoxia and cardiovascular risk factors on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury: a randomized, sham and placebo controlled parallel study
peer reviewedRecent studies on O2 supplementation in acute coronary syndrome patients are equivocal. We tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress (OS) is increased in rodents with cardiovascular risk factors and enhances ischemia reperfusion injury in the presence of hyperoxia.
Forty-three Wistar rats (WR), 30 spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) and 33 obese Zucker rats (ZR) were randomized in a sham procedure (1/3rd) or a left anterior descending ligation for 60 minutes (2/3rd). This was followed by 3 hours of reperfusion while animals were randomised either in a hyperoxic (HR) or a normoxic reperfusion group (NR). Baseline troponin (cTnT) was larger in SHR and ZR than WR (both p < 0.001). HR was associated with a lesser troponin rise in SHR and ZR than in NR (both p < 0.001); while the reverse occurred in WR (p < 0.001). In SHR, HR limited total MPO (myeloperoxydase) increase as compared to NR (p = 0.0056) to the contrary of total MPO in WR (p = 0.013). NR was associated with a drastic reduction of total thiols as compared to HR both in SHR and in ZR (both p < 0.001).
Despite a heightened baseline OS, HR rather restrained myocardial necrosis and anti/pro-oxidant imbalance in SHR and ZR, to the reverse of healthy WR
Solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for pion-nucleon scattering
A relativistic description of pion-nucleon scattering based on the
four-dimensional Bethe-Salpeter equation is presented. The kernel of the
equation consists of s- and u-channel nucleon and delta pole diagrams, as well
as rho and sigma exchange in the t-channel. The Bethe-Salpeter equation is
solved by means of a Wick rotation, and good fits are obtained to the s- and
p-wave phase shifts up to 360 MeV pion laboratory energy. The coupling
constants determined by the fits are consistent with the commonly accepted
values in the literature.Comment: 34 pages, RevTeX; 7 figures. Several references added, a few typos
corrected. Accepted for publication in Physical Review
Meson-exchange Model for scattering and reaction
An effective Hamiltonian consisting of bare ,
vertex interactions and energy-independent meson-exchange transition operators is derived by applying a
unitary transformation to a model Lagrangian with , ,
, and fields. With appropraite phenomenological form factors
and coupling constants for and , the model can give a good
description of scattering phase shifts up to the excitation
energy region. It is shown that the best reproduction of the recent LEGS data
of the photon-asymmetry ratios in reactions
provides rather restricted constraints on the coupling strengths of the
electric and of the magnetic transitions of the bare vertex and the less well-determined coupling constant
of meson. Within the ranges that ,
, and , the predicted
differential cross sections and photon-asymmetry ratios are in an overall good
agreement with the data of , , and reactions from 180
MeV to the excitation region. The predicted and
multipole amplitudes are also in good agreement with the empirical values
determined by the amplitude analyses. The constructed effective Hamiltonian is
free of the nucleon renormlization problem and hence is suitable for nuclear
many-body calculations. We have also shown that the assumptions made in the
-matrix method, commonly used in extracting empirically the transition amplitudes from the data, are consistent withComment: 49 pages + 23 Figures, Revte
A Gauge Invariant Unitary Theory for Pion Photoproduction
A covariant, unitary and gauge invariant theory for pion photoproduction on a
single nucleon is presented. To achieve gauge invariance at the operator level
one needs to include both the and thresholds. The final
amplitude can be written in terms of a distorted wave in the final
channel provided one includes additional diagrams to the standard Born term in
which the photon is coupled to the final state pion and nucleon. These
additional diagrams are required in order to satisfy gauge invariance.Comment: 4 pages, LaTeX, 1 figure as a separate uuencoded compressed tar fil
Dynamical Study of the Delta Excitation in N(e,e' pi) Reactions
The dynamical model developed in [Phys. Rev. C 54, 2660 (1996)] has been
applied to investigate the pion electroproduction reactions on the nucleon. It
is found that the model can describe to a very large extent the recent data of
p(e,e' pi^0) reaction from Jefferson Laboratory and MIT-Bates. The extracted
magnetic dipole(M1), electric dipole(E2), and Coulomb(C2) strengths of the
gamma N -> Delta transition are presented. It is found that the C2/M1 ratio
drops significantly with Q^2 and reaches about -13% at Q^2=4 (GeV/c)^2, while
the E2/M1 ratio remains close to the value \sim -3 % at the Q^2=0 photon point.
The determined M1 transition form factor drops faster than the usual dipole
form factor of the proton. We also find that the non-resonant interactions can
dress the gamma N -> Delta vertex to enhance strongly its strength at low Q^2,
but much less at high Q^2. Predictions are presented for future experimental
tests. Possible developments of the model are discussed.Comment: 39 pages,17 figures, with RevTeX, to be submitted Phys. Rev.
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