As cooperativas como meio de incentivo ao empreendedorismo social

A Economia Social encontra hoje um ambiente propício ao seu desenvolvimento, as crises económicas associadas aos emergentes problemas sociais conduziram a uma consciencialização da importância do seu papel que associado ao empreendedorismo social e às empresas sociais se apresentam como soluções aos problemas atualmente patentes na sociedade. A relação e dinâmica entre Economia Social, Empreendedorismo Social e as Empresas Sociais do tipo Cooperativa, oferecem uma solução social a uma sociedade e mercado fragilizado. Neste ambiente não é aconselhável as instituições de ensino ficarem alheias a esta realidade que as envolve, pelo que devem preparar os seus alunos para um mercado de trabalho em constante mutação. Assim o ensino deve assumir-se como um mecanismo eficaz de consciencialização do potencial das respostas de cariz social, traçando as metodologias necessárias para o conseguir realizar. Revelando-se imprescindível a adequação das pedagogias, primordialmente no ensino superior, para melhor preparar os indivíduos facilitando a sua integração no mercado do trabalho e permitindo a criação de novas soluções sociais para os seus problemas. As Cooperativas, movimento secular pela mudança e melhoria do paradigma social, afiguram-se meio fulcral de incentivo ao Empreendedorismo Social, como resposta organizacional e como potenciadora do Empreendedorismo Social. Justificando-se a sua introdução nas unidades curriculares do ensino superior, bem como nas suas metodologias, devendo o seu ensino ser marcadamente prático e adequado às suas especificidades, integrando-se a par da Economia, da gestão e do empreendedorismo tradicional. Impõe-se neste enquadramento global atual uma afirmação do ensino da Economia Social, do Empreendedorismo Social e do Cooperativismo, para tal é fundamental a democratização do ensino, que deve possibilitar aos alunos a liberdade de escolherem um caminho social para o seu futuro.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Modelos de Gestão de empresas sociais, em particular das coperativas: estudos de caso em Portugal

Mestrado APNORA afirmação da Economia Social e a promoção das Empresas Sociais como solução organizativa, nas quais se integram as cooperativas, possibilitaram ao movimento cooperativo renovados mecanismos para o seu crescimento. Na verdade, apesar de ser um modelo que percorreu vários séculos, são-lhe apontadas insuficiências que conduzem à sua ineficiência enquanto modelo, sendo recorrentemente apresentada a gestão como fator causador das suas fragilidades. Neste sentido desenvolveu-se um estudo que intenta compreender o modelo cooperativo pela gestão, observando a realidade apresentada na literatura e perscrutando o caminho a seguir para um modelo sustentável do ponto de vista económico, financeiro e social. Para cumprir este objetivo analisou-se o modelo cooperativo teórico, identificando as suas particularidades e delimitadores que incidem sobre o decurso da sua gestão, realizando-se uma caracterização do seu modelo de gestão. Recorreu-se a estudos de caso de cooperativas portuguesas para compreender o comportamento do enquadramento teórico definido em casos reais. Através da análise de estudos de caso foi possível relacionar os valores e princípios com o desenrolar da gestão, a governança democrática como propiciador de um maior nível de comprometimento entre cooperadores e com a organização, refletindo níveis elevados de satisfação, democracia e igualdade. Configurando-se estas cooperativas numa resposta às necessidades dos cooperadores e comunidade. As suas fragilidades centram-se na insuficiente consciência da sua “vantagem cooperativa” nem sempre entendida pelos seus membros, pela comunidade e envolvente estatal. Persistem dificuldades de financiamento, encontrando-se demasiado centradas no apoio externo comunitário e estatal. Apesar da necessidade de um trabalho contínuo e forte comprometimento para garantir a sua subsistência, os modelos cooperativos analisados revelaram que persistem há já mais de uma década e que continuam a desenvolver a sua atividade assente na convicção do valor do seu trabalho para a cooperativa, para a comunidade e para a promoção dos seus valoresThe statement of Social Economy and the rise of Social Enterprises as an organizational solution, in which are co-operatives, has brought up to co-operative movement renewed mechanisms for its growth. In truth, although the model has made a course throughout the centuries, there are insufficiency point out that drive to an inefficiency as a model, being management frequently presented as a cause of their fragilities, in this sense its presented a study that attempts to understand the cooperative model through management, looking at the reality in literature and peering the way for an economic, financial and social sustainable model. To achieve this goal it has been analyze the cooperative theoretical model, identifying its particularities and delimiters that fall on their management course, using multiple case studies of Portuguese Co-operatives to understand the behavior of the defined theoretical framing in concrete cases. Through the case study analyses it was possible to relate the values and principles with the management unwind, the democratic governance as a propitiator of a higher level of commitment between the cooperators and with the organization, reflecting higher levels of satisfaction, democracy and freedom. Representing these co-operatives an answer to the cooperators and community needs. Its fragilities are focus on the insufficient awareness of the “co-operative advantage” not always understood by their members, by the community and by the government. The financing difficulties persist, which are too centralized on European and government external support. In spite of the need of a continuous work and strong commitment to ensure its subsistence, the Cooperative models analyzed reveal that they have existed over a decade and continue to develop its activity grounded on the value of their work for the Co-operative, for the community and for the promotion of their value

Aromatic hydroxylation reactions by electrogenerated HO radicals : a kinetic study

The oxidation of benzoic acid (BA) and of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) by galvanostatic electrolysis with simultaneous oxygen evolution, using BDD or Pt as anode materials is studied. Results concerning the oxidation kinetics as well as the identification and quantification of hydroxylated products are reported. First order kinetics are used to describe the consumption rates of both compounds despite of the anode material and of the applied current density. A simple kinetic model that accounts for the anode surface coverage by HO radicals is proposed. Based on this model it is possible to correlate the apparent rate constant of the organic consumption with kinetic parameter related to the organics reactivity and to the degree of the adsorption of HO radicals to the anode surface.FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia); FEDER (European Fund for Regional Development); COMPETE-QREN-EU; CQ/UM (Centro de Química / Universidade do Minho), POPH Programa Operacional Potencial Humano); FSE (Fundo Social Europeu

Electrogenerated HO radical reactions: the role of competing reactions on the degradation kinetics of hydroxy-containing aromatic compounds

The rate of degradation of some aromatic compounds, benzoic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 2,3-hydroxybenzoic acid, by electrogenerated HO radicals is investigated. The effect of the addition of secondary species, that can either be a reaction product of the target compound or not is analysed. The presence of the actual reaction products is also considered. The action of these secondary species is integrated in a general model that accounts for the dependency of the anode coverage by HO radicals on the concentration and on the reactivity of HO radical scavengers. From the magnitude of the effect of competing reactions, the reactivity of the hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives was estimated as the product between the stoichiometric coefficients and the rate constants. A possible mechanistic interpretation is provided to explain the unexpected high values of the stoichiometric coefficients estimated that largely exceed the number of radicals required for the complete mineralization of the species. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.- We would like to acknowledge the contribution of Prof. Paula M.T. Ferreira on the mechanistic interpretation of the HO radical stoichiometric coefficients. Thanks are due to FCT (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia) and FEDER (European Fund for Regional Development)-COMPETE-QREN-EU for financial support to the Research Centre, CQ/UM [PEst-C/QUI/UI0686/2011 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-022716)]. Raquel Oliveira thanks to FCT, POPH (Programa Operacional Potencial Humano) and FSE (Fundo Social Europeu) for the PhD Grant (SFRH/BD/64189/2009).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Hydroxylation of benzoic acid by electrochemical generated hydroxyl radicals

The generation of hydroxyl radicals is an important process in many applications such as organic synthesis [1], oxidative stress studies [2] and detoxification of effluents [3]. Due to the high instability of these radicals they are usually produced in situ by means of different methods, such as disproportionation of peroxynitrous acid or dissociation of hydrogen peroxide by UV action. The generation of hydroxyl radicals based on metal catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, Fenton or Fenton-like reactions, is the most spread method. The electrochemical generation of hydroxyl radical, as an intermediate in the oxygen formation from the oxidation of water is a well-known process. The ability of boron doped diamond electrodes (BDD) to produce hydroxyl radicals is extensively described on the oxidation of organics for wastewater [4]. Although the mineralization of several electroactive species is reported, the role of hydroxyl radicals in the initial phase of these reactions is not well established. In this work we present a study on the performance of Pt and BDD anodes on the hydroxylation of benzoic acid (a non-electroactive species) comparatively to electroactive species, such as quinol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. The reactions were monitored by fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry and HPLC (UV detection).Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - SFRH/BD/64189/200

Evaluation of radical scavenging activity of antioxidants by means of electrogenerated HO radical

Hydroxyl radical is one of the most reactive radicals. The electrochemical generation of hydroxyl radical by oxidation of water can be achieved using different anode materials. The adsorption of HO radicals at the anode surface has a significant effect on their reactivity. Using materials such as BDD, electrogenerated hydroxyl radicals are weekly adsorbed whereas strongly adsorbed radicals are formed at Pt. Although most of the available studies deal with high oxidation power anodes for the degradation of pollutants, the use of anodes with low oxidation power can have important applications particularly when a certain degree of selectivity is required for oxidation. In this context electrochemically-generated hydroxyl radical was applied for the evaluation of antioxidant scavenging activity. A set of species with antioxidant activity was oxidized by galvanostatic electrolyses using a fairly oxidized Pt anode in conditions of O2 evolution. In such conditions the consumption of species was not limited by mass transport but by the oxidation kinetics of both charge transfer and reaction with HO radicals. Information regarding the rate constant of the reaction of antioxidants with electrogenerated HO radicals was obtained by means of the apparent rate constant variation with electrolysis current density. Scavenger activity of the analysed antioxidants estimated by the kinetic parameter kR,HO / kO2 was ordered as follows: gallic acid, trolox > ascorbic acid > caffeic acid. The method was applied successfully in synthetic solutions and in a green tea based beverage

Trajectórias de inserção profissional dos licenciados em Educação pelo Instituto de Educação e Psicologia da Universidade do Minho

Citação bibliográfica: SILVA, Bento & Marques, Fátima (2001). Trajectórias de inserção profissional dos licenciados em Educação pelo Instituto de Educação e Psicologia da Universidade do Minho. In Albertino Gonçalves et al., Da universidade para o mundo do trabalho, desafios para um diálogo. Braga: Universidade do Minho, pp. 205-22

Effect of the medium composition on the current of steady state voltammograms of neutral and charged species in dimethylformamide/toluene mixtures

Steady state voltammetric currents of both neutral and charged species obtained at microelectrodes are affected by the medium composition. Experiments carried out in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and toluene/DMF mixtures for the reduction of diciano(fluoren-9-ylidene)methane and the methylviologen cation and for the oxidation of ferrocene, in the presence of different electrolyte concentrations indicate that both viscosity of the solution and mass transport by migration may have a strong effect on the measured limiting currents. These observations are particularly important in electroanalysis since the appropriate choice of the medium may substantially improve both the sensitivity and the detection limits of the electrochemical method.FEDER. PRAXIS/2/2.1/QUI /260/94