Characterization of cassava wastewaters from the processing of different cassava cultivars

The present study aimed to determine the attributes of cassava wastewater from different cultivars used for the manufacture of flour in family processing units in the city of São Felipe-BA; and define a nutritional quality indicator for it. For this, the main cultivars used for flour manufacturing by producers in the municipality of São Felipe, Bahia, Brazil, were selected: ‘Salangó Preta’, ‘Cigana’, ‘Platina’, ‘Eucalipto’, ‘Graveto’, ‘Milagrosa’, ‘Cidade Rica’ and ‘Correnteza’. In addition, the cultivars ‘Kiriris’, ‘Formosa’ and ‘Poti Branca’, developed and cultivated by Embrapa Cassava & Fruits, were also evaluated. Cassava wastewaters were obtain by the crushing and pressing of the sampled roots. The attributes sampled were subject to descriptive and multivariate statistics. The attributes of cassava wastewaters showed low and medium variability. The most important attributes to separate the different cultivars, regarding the quality of cassava wastewater, were: potassium, calcium, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, phosphorus, and total nitrogen. In view of the strong correlation between attributes K, Ca, EC, and TDS, EC can be consider as a nutritional quality indicator of the cassava wastewaters from different origins in the region

Crise rural multidimensional e políticas integradas: o caso do Recôncavo da Bahia

Historic birthplace of brazilian agrarian society, the region of Recôncavo of Bahia currently faces a rural development crisis, also taking place in other regions of Bahia and the Northeast of Brazil. The multiplication of very small farms, the adverse markets trends and the recession of the national economy are combined and result in high levels of social fragility, the emptying of the field and the ageing of the rural population. The paper analyzes agricultural mechanisms of this crisis in the tobacco area of the Recôncavo, where is more intense. Surveys carried out at three sites highlight recent demographic, socioeconomic and agroecological trends of this agriculture, and the way they interact. The analysis of the labour productivity of farmers of Cruz das Almas shows the rationality of their choices and the impasse in which they find themselves. The final part of the work shows that public intervention aimed at reversing this situation must include different components, currently fragmented into sectoral policies with varying degrees of intensity, and a mechanism for local and stable governance to ensure consistency and effectiveness in the medium/long term

Crise rural multidimensional e políticas integradas: o caso do Recôncavo da Bahia

Berço histórico da sociedade agrária brasileira, a região do Recôncavo baiano enfrenta atualmente uma crise de desenvolvimento rural, também ocorrendo em outras regiões da Bahia e do Nordeste. A multiplicação das propriedades agrícolas exíguas, a evolução desfavorável dos mercados e a recessão da economia nacional se combinam e resultam em altos níveis de fragilidade social, no esvaziamento do campo e no envelhecimento da população rural. O trabalho analisa os mecanismos agrícolas desta crise na zona fumageira do Recôncavo, onde é mais intensa. Levantamentos realizados em três locais evidenciam as recentes tendências demográficas, agroecológicas e socioeconômicas desta agricultura, e a maneira como interagem. A análise da produtividade do trabalho dos agricultores de Cruz das Almas mostra a racionalidade das suas escolhas e o impasse no qual se encontram. A parte final do trabalho mostra que uma intervenção pública visando a reversão desta situação deve incluir diferentes componentes, atualmente fragmentados em políticas setoriais com graus variados de intensidade, e um mecanismo de governança local e estável para garantir sua coerência e eficácia no médio/longo prazo.Berceau historique de la société agraire brésilienne, la région du Recôncavo de Bahia subit actuellement une crise de développement rural, observable dans d´autres régions de Bahia et du Nordeste du Brésil. La multiplication des très petites exploitations, l´évolution défavorable des marchés et la récession de l´économie nationale se combinent et accentuent la fragilité sociale, l´exode et le vieillissement de la population rurale. Ce travail analyse les mécanismes agricoles de cette crise dans la zone de production de tabac du Recôncavo, où elle est plus intense. De courtes études réalisées sur trois sites mettent em évidence les tendances récentes, démographiques, agroécologiques, socioéconomiques, et la manière dont elles interagissent. L´analyse de la productivité du travail des agriculteurs de Cruz das Almas met en évidence leur rationnalité et l´impasse dans lequel ils se trouvent. La dernière partie montre qu´une intervention publique visant à inverser ces tendances doit associer plusieurs composantes, actuellement fragmentées à divers niveaux d´intensité dans les politiques sectorielles, et un mécanisme de gouvernance locale et stable, capable de garantir sa cohérence et son efficacité sur le moyen/long terme.Historic birthplace of brazilian agrarian society, the region of Recôncavo of Bahia currently faces a rural development crisis, also taking place in other regions of Bahia and the Northeast of Brazil. The multiplication of very small farms, the adverse markets trends and the recession of the national economy are combined and result in high levels of social fragility, the emptying of the field and the ageing of the rural population. The paper analyzes agricultural mechanisms of this crisis in the tobacco area of the Recôncavo, where is more intense. Surveys carried out at three sites highlight recent demographic, socioeconomic and agroecological trends of this agriculture, and the way they interact. The analysis of the labour productivity of farmers of Cruz das Almas shows the rationality of their choices and the impasse in which they find themselves. The final part of the work shows that public intervention aimed at reversing this situation must include different components, currently fragmented into sectoral policies with varying degrees of intensity, and a mechanism for local and stable governance to ensure consistency and effectiveness in the medium/long term

Crise rural multidimensional e políticas integradas: o caso do Recôncavo da Bahia

Historic birthplace of brazilian agrarian society, the region of Recôncavo of Bahia currently faces a rural development crisis, also taking place in other regions of Bahia and the Northeast of Brazil. The multiplication of very small farms, the adverse markets trends and the recession of the national economy are combined and result in high levels of social fragility, the emptying of the field and the ageing of the rural population. The paper analyzes agricultural mechanisms of this crisis in the tobacco area of the Recôncavo, where is more intense. Surveys carried out at three sites highlight recent demographic, socioeconomic and agroecological trends of this agriculture, and the way they interact. The analysis of the labour productivity of farmers of Cruz das Almas shows the rationality of their choices and the impasse in which they find themselves. The final part of the work shows that public intervention aimed at reversing this situation must include different components, currently fragmented into sectoral policies with varying degrees of intensity, and a mechanism for local and stable governance to ensure consistency and effectiveness in the medium/long term

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data