SULPHATED POLYSACCHARIDES (SPS) FROM THE GREEN ALGA ULVA FASCIATA EXTRACT MODULATES LIVER AND KIDNEY FUNCTION IN HIGH FAT DIET-INDUCED HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC RATS

Objective: Hypercholesterolemia (HC) was frequently associated with oxidative stress, and release of inflammatory cytokines is to determine the hypolipidemic effects of sulphated polysaccharides from seaweed Ulva fasciata algal extracts through measuring the activities of some parameters related to liver and kidney functions in the serum of hypercholesterolemic rats as compared to normal one.Methods: Different groups of rats were administered a high cholesterol diet. Liver and kidney functions, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, CRP, MPO and IL-10), oxidative stress (GSH, MDA and NO), in addition to cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) were assessed before and after treatment with the algal polysaccharides. In addition, histological examination of liver and kidney were performed to confirm the biochemical findings.Results: The obtained results showed that oxidative stress and inflammatory markers associated with hypercholesterolemia were significantly increased in HC-rats. The histopathological examination of liver and kidney demonstrated severe degeneration with diffuse vacuolar degeneration, necrosis and the presence of fatty droplets. In addition; nephron-histological examination revealed, mild glomerular injury with mild vascular and inflammatory changes. Treatment with the algal sulphated polysaccharides effectively improved these disorders and diminished the formation of fatty liver, as well as renal dysfunction more than the reference drug; fluvastatin. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the consumption of UFP (Ulva fasciata polysaccharides), may be associated with attenuation of inflammatory markers, amelioration of fatty liver and improvement of renal dysfunction, that in turn lead to counteract hypercholesterolemia and its related disorders; such as obesity, and heart disease.Keywords: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Seaweed, Ulva fasciata, Hypercholesterolemia, Hypolipidemic activity, Sulphated polysaccharides (SPs

Improving the nutritive value of olive pomace by solid state fermentation of Kluyveromyces marxianus with simultaneous production of gallic acid

Abstract Purpose Olive oil industry is a growing industrial sector in Mediterranean countries. Unfortunately, about 30–35% of total olive weight is discarded as olive pomace (OP), a highly environmental-polluting solid waste. OP is mostly used for composting and production of animal feed; nevertheless, the high oil content, phenolic compounds and fiber contents in addition to its low protein content represent major obstacles for both applications. So, the present study was conducted to evaluate the role of solid state fermentation (SSF) in OP using Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-8281 yeast on the chemical composition and tannin content of OP in a trial for its bioconversion into a value-added animal feed. Methods Chemical composition, nutritive and energetic values, tannin and gallic acid contents of unfermented and fermented olive pomace were investigated. Results The fermentation altered the chemical composition of OP, so that crude fiber was decreased by 8.56%, while crude protein, fat and carbohydrate contents were increased by 2.74, 2.63 and 3.57%, respectively. Moreover, the effect of fermentation on cell wall constituents, gross energy, digestible energy, total digestible nutrients and digestible crude protein was evaluated. Furthermore, HPLC analysis revealed that K. marxianus mediated fermentation of OP resulted in a sharp decrease in tannin content by 96.75% with 2.8 times increase in gallic acid concentration. Conclusion SSF of OP by K. marxianus does not only eliminate the environmental pollution resulting from its accumulation, but also presents a new eco-friendly valorization technique which leaves OP with an altered chemical composition allowing its use as animal feed or compost