Hardware Descriptive Languages: An Efficient Approach to Device Independent Designs with Complex Programmable Logic Devices and Field Programmable Gate Arrays

Contemporarily, owing to astronomical advancements in the very large scale integration (VLSI) market segments, hardware engineers are now focusing on how to develop their new digital system designs in programmable languages like very high speed integrated circuit hardwaredescription language (VHDL) and Verilog and consequently target it to Complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs) and Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). If this is properly implemented, it will reduce bulkiness of most of the presently used electronic and electrical devices in our technology This paper will focus on using VHDL to design an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) liquid dispenser controller system while targeting the device independent architecture (Ultra 3700 CPLD series) for synthesis, optimization and fitting to realize the design. The ASIC controller will have two bin cans to dispense regular and diet drinks. The system will dispense a drink if the user activates a button for that drink and at least one can is available. A refill signal appears when both bins are empty. Activating a reset signal informs the system that the machine has been refilled and the bins are full. The design methodology is presented with other details in the body of this paper.Keywords: Very high speed integrated circuit hardware descriptive language (VHDL); Application Specific Integrated Circuit; Synthesis (ASIC); Complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs); field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs

Oil extract from Gongronema latifolium leaves exhibit anti-diabetic and anti-ulcer activities

Air-dried, pulverized leaves of Gongronema latifolium were subjected to step wise fractionation using first, ethanol and subsequently fractionation of the dried ethanol extract using solvents of increasing polarity, n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and ethanol. Column fractionation of the n-hexane extract using graded solvent mixture of n-hexane and ethylacetate in specified ratios, yielded four fractionates, one of which F2 was an oil. The F2 (oil) fraction was characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectral analysis. The effects of this oil fraction on alloxan- induced diabetes mellitus and indomethacin- induced ulceration were studied. The results obtained reveals that oil extract evoked significant inhibition of both alloxan- induced diabetes and indomethacin- induced ulcer in rats. The oil on analysis revealed content of essential fatty acyl esters and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, all of which are implicated in inhibiting hyperglycaemia and ulcer formation probably through oxidative reaction or through production of prostaglandins.Key words: Gongronema latifolium, essential fatty acids, diabetes mellitus, ulcer, prostaglandins

Energy and exergy evaluation of a 220MW thermal power plant

A component based energy and exergy evaluation was performed on a 220MW thermal power plant in Nigeria. The component based exergy analysis examines and compares the energetic and exergetic performances of each component by identifying the deficiencies of each component. Design and operating data were obtained from Egbin power plant in Nigeria. The result of the analysis showed that the total exergy that was destroyed in the power p lant was 400.015 MW. The major contributors to the exergy destruction in the power plant were the boiler (87%), the three turbines (a combined total of 9%) and the condenser (2 %). The effect of increasing the High Pressure turbine (HPT) inlet temperature at constant boiler pressure incresses the exergy efficiency of the component as well as the second law efficiency of the power plant, thus reducing the exergy destruction of the component. At the variation of environmental or dead state temperature, ther e were no appreciable changes in the values of exergy efficiency of the boiler/steam generator. The outcomes of this work provide the exergy consumption and distribution profile s of the thermal power plant, making it possible to adopt effective energy - saving measures. Keywords : Energy, Exergy, Efficiency, Sustainability, Power Plant and Boilers

Wildlife species diversity indices and seasonal distribution assessment in road-side markets of South-west Nigeria

Wildlife species are under serious exploitation by the rural populace in Nigeria because hu­man beings have understood their ecology. The need to update the existing knowledge of wildlife population is therefore essential. Twenty-three games markets along five Roads in South-west Nigeria were visited to document the wildlife displayed for sale. Two hundred and fifty copies of structured questionnaire were administered using systematic random sampling (odd) method for wildlife species information from market stakeholders. Direct method was counting for species and their numbers. Data generated were analysed through Species Diver­sity Indices Assessment. All emergent species were compared with International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) abundance rating. Road seasonal distribution of the marketed wildlife was determined by percentages, standard deviation, standard error of mean, mean differences, t-test, and tests of significance and Diversity Indices. Results revealed that 69,398 wild animals were displayed. Also more wildlife were sold during rainy than dry seasons. Appropriate recommendations of government sensitization of rural and urban settlers against over-utilization of wildlife resources, encouragement of the public towards animal domesti­cation and others were made

Channel dynamics and hydraulic geometry of two tropical deltaic catchments in Southern Nigeria

This paper attempts to explain the channel processes and dynamics of two river systems running through a rapidly urbanizing humid tropical deltaic environment with visible threats from industrialization and pollution. Hydraulic processes and parameters were compared with established power function relations for hydraulic geometry and it was discovered that the fundamental relations between channel-geometry dimensions, velocity, and flow can be expressed for the catchments. Ten gauging stations in each catchment were studied and results showed that the studied catchments adjust their geometry to changing discharges. High values of coefficients of determination among variables indicated that much of the downstream variation in channel width to depth ratio can be accounted for by changes in discharge. Also in this study the width/depth ratio (F) was found to be related to the percentage of silt + clay (M) in channel perimeter and that downstream hydraulic-geometry relations are in general agreement with previously published hydraulic and channel adjustment data

Channel dynamics and hydraulic geometry of two tropical deltaic catchments in Southern Nigeria

This paper attempts to explain the channel processes and dynamics of two river systems running through a rapidly urbanizing humid tropical deltaic environment with visible threats from industrialization and pollution. Hydraulic processes and parameters were compared with established power function relations for hydraulic geometry and it was discovered that the fundamental relations between channel-geometry dimensions, velocity, and flow can be expressed for the catchments. Ten gauging stations in each catchment were studied and results showed that the studied catchments adjust their geometry to changing discharges. High values of coefficients of determination among variables indicated that much of the downstream variation in channel width to depth ratio can be accounted for by changes in discharge. Also in this study the width/depth ratio (F) was found to be related to the percentage of silt + clay (M) in channel perimeter and that downstream hydraulic-geometry relations are in general agreement with previously published hydraulic and channel adjustment data