Genetic evidence for a Pleistocene population explosion

Journal ArticleExpansions of population size leave characteristic signatures in mitochondrial "mismatch distributions." Consequently, these distributions can inform us about the history of changes in population size. Here, I study a simple model of population history that assumes that, t generations before the present, a population grows (or shrinks) suddenly from female size N0 to female size N1. Although this model is simple, it often provides an accurate description of data generated by complex population histories. I develop statistical methods that estimate 0O = 2uN0, 01 = 2uN1, and T = 2ut (where u is the mutation rate), and place a confidence region around these estimates. These estimators are well behaved, and insensitive to simplifying assumptions. Finally, I apply these methods to published mitochondrial data, and infer that a major expansion of the human population occurred during the late Pleistocene

WASP-12 b and WASP-4 b: Planets Falling onto the Host Star?

We present results of a homogeneous analysis of more than thousand transit lightcurves of 17 exoplanets.Представлены результаты однородной обработки более тысячи кривых блеска экзопланетных прохождений для 17 экзопланет.Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РНФ 19-72-10023

Optimising molecular diagnostic capacity for effective control of tuberculosis in high-burden settings

The World Health Organization's 2035 vision is to reduce tuberculosis (TB) associated mortality by 95%. While low-burden, well-equipped industrialised economies can expect to see this goal achieved, it is challenging in the low- and middle-income countries that bear the highest burden of TB. Inadequate diagnosis leads to inappropriate treatment and poor clinical outcomes. The roll-out of the Xpert® MTB/RIF assay has demonstrated that molecular diagnostics can produce rapid diagnosis and treatment initiation. Strong molecular services are still limited to regional or national centres. The delay in implementation is due partly to resources, and partly to the suggestion that such techniques are too challenging for widespread implementation. We have successfully implemented a molecular tool for rapid monitoring of patient treatment response to anti-tuberculosis treatment in three high TB burden countries in Africa. We discuss here the challenges facing TB diagnosis and treatment monitoring, and draw from our experience in establishing molecular treatment monitoring platforms to provide practical insights into successful optimisation of molecular diagnostic capacity in resource-constrained, high TB burden settings. We recommend a holistic health system-wide approach for molecular diagnostic capacity development, addressing human resource training, institutional capacity development, streamlined procurement systems, and engagement with the public, policy makers and implementers of TB control programmes.PostprintPeer reviewe

南宋創草期の張俊の勢力拡大に関する覚え書き : 特に山内正博氏の業績を中心として

一 はじめに　二 張俊の略歴　三 張俊の勢力拡大の過程　四 結びにかえて

手術を受ける子どもへのプレパレーションの実践と普及の検討 : キワニス人形と木製模型を用いた方法を試みて

病院で子どもたちに行われる検査や処置に対する心理的準備としてのプレパレーションが欧米を中心に広く行われてきているが,日本ではまだ十分とは言えない状況である。本研究では,膀胱尿管逆流症の手術のために入院した4歳女児に対して,看護師がキワニス人形と木製模型等を用いたプレパレーションを実施し,実施する上での効果的な要素と普及の可能性を検討した。実施後に担当看護師を中心とした入院から退院までの経過についての検討会を行い,その内容から作成した逐語録と退院後に返送された調査用紙の内容分析を行った。その結果,【子どもが自分で描いた人形を説明に用いること】が,【説明への参加の導入】となり,【親も子どもの説明に参加すること】によって理解が促され【医療者との関係性を促進する要素】となっていた。また【看護師の主体性をさらに磨く方法】として普及していくために【子どもに説明することの根本的な意義を浸透させていくこと】や事例を重ねて【病棟の状況に応じた方法】を検討していくことの必要性が示唆された。The concept of psychological preparation for children undergoing a medical procedure or a physical examination in Japanese hospitals is being adopted from Western countries. However, it remains poorly developed. This study therefore investigated the factors effective in the preparation and the possibility of expanding this concept. We report a case of a 4-year-old girl scheduled to undergo surgery for vesicoureteral reflux. Preparation was undertaken by a nurse using a Kiwanis doll and a wooden model of the medical procedure. Thereafter, the nurse and researchers discussed the case from admission to discharge, and records of this meeting and a questionnaire completed by the patient's parents after discharge were analyzed qualitatively. It became clear that the use of the Kiwanis doll drawn by the girl acted as an introduction to preparation. Involvement in preparation using the doll and the wooden model also aided parents in their understanding of the operation. This was also an important factor in strengthening the relationship between the child, parents and nurse. Preparation is a subjective area of nursing. In order to cultivate subjectivity in nurses and expand preparation in many hospitals, it is necessary to establish the basic significance of explanations of surgery to children and to investigate suitable methods of giving such explanations. This can be done by accumulating the experience of many cases to investigate appropriate methods in each hospital.症例報告Clinical Report国立情報学研究所で電子