Cancer Stem Cells: Emergent Nature of Tumor Emergency

A functional analysis of 167 genes overexpressed in Krebs-2 tumor initiating cells was performed. In the first part of the study, the genes were analyzed for their belonging to one or more of the three groups, which represent the three major phenotypic manifestation of malignancy of cancer cells, namely (1) proliferative self-sufficiency, (2) invasive growth and metastasis, and (3) multiple drug resistance. 96 genes out of 167 were identified as possible contributors to at least one of these fundamental properties. It was also found that substantial part of these genes are also known as genes responsible for formation and/or maintenance of the stemness of normal pluri-/multipotent stem cells. These results suggest that the malignancy is simply the ability to maintain the stem cell specific genes expression profile, and, as a consequence, the stemness itself regardless of the controlling effect of stem niches. In the second part of the study, three stress factors combined into the single concept of “generalized cellular stress,” which are assumed to activate the expression of these genes, were defined. In addition, possible mechanisms for such activation were identified. The data obtained suggest the existence of a mechanism for the de novo formation of a pluripotent/stem phenotype in the subpopulation of “committed” tumor cells

Magma Fracking Beneath Active Volcanoes Based on Seismic Data and Hydrothermal Activity Observations

Active volcanoes are associated with microearthquake (MEQ) hypocenters that form plane-oriented cluster distributions. These are faults delineating a magma injection system of dykes and sills. The Frac-Digger program was used to track fracking faults in the Kamchatka active volcanic belt and fore-arc region of Russia. In the case of magma laterally injected from volcanoes into adjacent structures, high-temperature hydrothermal systems arise, for example at Mutnovsky and Koryaksky volcanoes. Thermal features adjacent to these active volcanoes respond to magma injection events by degassing CO2 and by transient temperature changes. Geysers created by CO2-gaslift activity in silicic volcanism areas also flag magma and CO2 recharge and redistributions, for example at the Uzon-Geyserny, Kamchatka, Russia and Yellowstone, USA magma hydrothermal systems. Seismogenic faults in the Kamchatka fore-arc region are indicators of geofluid fracking; those faults can be traced down to 250 km depth, which is within the subduction slab below primary magma sources

Abstracts of The Second Eurasian RISK-2020 Conference and Symposium

This abstract book contains abstracts of the various research ideas presented at The Second Eurasian RISK-2020 Conference and Symposium.The RISK-2020 Conference and Symposium served as a perfect venue for practitioners, engineers, researchers, scientists, managers and decision-makers from all over the world to exchange ideas and technology about the latest innovation developments dealing with risk minimization