The Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution in Pakistan: Policy Implications

Pakistan achieved high levels of Green Revolution Modern Variety (GRMV) adoption in the Green Revolution. Pakistan out-performed India and Bangladesh in the Green Revolution. Only China, among major countries, out-performed Pakistan in the Green Revolution. Pakistan does not have the food safety and environmental risk studies in place to support a regulatory environment for biotechnology. In effect, Pakistan is following the “precautionary principle” and applying it to science policy. This paper argues that this is a mistake. Pakistan is paying a “double penalty” for its inability to develop the regulatory systems required to take advantage of genetically modified (GM) crops. Not only does it lose the cost reductions enabled by GM crops, but because other countries have adopted GM crops, world prices are lower as a result and affect Pakistan’s export crops.

Marriage in Rural Philippine Households

Utilizing intergenerational data from a sample of rural households in Laguna Province, this article tests the proposition that rural families are responsive to economic conditions as choices are made regarding children’s educational needs, their location and occupation choices.rural sector, migration

Infrastructure, Output Supply and Input Demand in Philippine Agriculture: Provisional Estimates

This article has been presented at the Workshop on Methods for Agricultural Policy Analysis held at the UP Los Baños on August 13-14, 1985. Estimation results indicate that all technological variables exhibit a strong bias for fertilizer and tractor use. Furthermore, research shows a bias against labor use while extension and high-yielding variety highly depends on the labor sector.research and development sector, infrastructure, agriculture sector, research, econometric modeling, fertilizer industry, extension services

Impact Multiplier Policy Models for the Agricultural Sector: An Application to India

This article has been presented at the Workshop on Methods for Agricultural Policy Analysis held at the UP Los Baños on August 13-14, 1985. It discusses a simple type of general equilibrium policy models and illustrates its application in the Indian agriculture. Results indicate the importance of population growth to the demand of goods and supply of labor.agriculture sector, econometric modeling

Marriage in Rural Philippine Households

Utilizing intergenerational data from a sample of rural households in Laguna Province, this article tests the proposition that rural families are responsive to economic conditions as choices are made regarding children’s educational needs, their location and occupation choices.rural sector, migration

MARKETS, institutions and family size in rural Philippine households

In poorly developed market economies, high transactions and related costs, produce a pattern of market organizations with heavy relianceon traditional institutions for handling transactions.The family is one such institution because family ties or bonds allow more efficien, tcontractual arrangementsthan do markets. The family enterprise dominates such economies. In highly developed market economies, market transactions are low cost. Competitive suppliers provide information at low cost..The public sector providesgoods and standards that facilitate transactions.Communication is low cost. In such economies the family enterprise losesits advantage in many sectorsof the economy, and market transactionsdominate economic activity. In this paper we develop a framework for explaining the transition from nonmarket to market institutions. We usethe framework to generatespecific hypotheses which are confronted, in turn, with'evidencefrom the rural Philippines. Our specific focus ison the most pervasive and important of all traditional institutions - the rural household.Institutional Economics

Does Intellectual Property Protection Spur Technological Change

Of the diverse factors motivating technological change, one factor that has received increasing attention in the recent past has been the protection of intellectual property rights. Given fairly recent changes in the international policy ethos where a regime of stronger intellectual property protection has become a fait accompli for most developing countries, it is of some significance to ask whether more stringent protection of intellectual property does indeed encourage innovation. And this is the question which this paper examines, utilising cross-country panel data on R&D investment, patent protection and other country-specific characteristics spanning the period 1981-1990. The evidence unambiguously indicates the significance of intellectual property rights as incentives for spurring innovation.Intellectual Property Rights, Technological Change, Economic Growth

Economic Growth, International Technological Spillovers and Public Policy: Theory and Empirical Evidence from Asia

This paper examines, within the new growth theory framework, the contribution of international technological spillovers using panel data for eleven Asian countries over the period 1970-93. A country's productivity growth is shown to depend not only on its domestic R&D investment but also on the R&D investment of its trading partners. The evidence for such positive international technological spillovers is strong. This paper also shows that the beneficial effects of international technological spillovers on productivity growth are stronger in South East Asian countries than that of of South Asian countries.Economic Growth, Technology Spillovers, Asia