Idealism and the Aesthetics of Instrumental Music at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century

The growing aesthetic prestige of instrumental music in the last decades of the eighteenth century was driven not so much by changes in the musical repertory as by the resurgence of idealism as an aesthetic principle applicable to all the arts. This new outlook, as articulated by such writers as Winckelmann, Moritz, Kant, Schiller, Herder, Fichte, and Schelling, posited the work of art as a reflection of an abstract ideal, rather than as a means by which a beholder could be moved. Through idealism, the work of art became a vehicle by which to sense the realm of the spiritual and the infinite, and the inherently abstract nature of instrumental music allowed this art to offer a particularly powerful glimpse of that realm. Idealism thus provided the essential framework for the revaluation of instrumental music in the writings of Wackenroder, Tieck, E. T. A. Hoffmann, and others around the turn of the century. While this new approach to instrumental music has certain points of similarity with the later concept of "absolute" music, it is significant that Eduard Hanslick expunged several key passages advocating idealist thought when he revised both the first and second editions of his treatise Vom Musikalisch-Schönen. The concept of "absolute" music, although real enough in the mid-nineteenth century, is fundamentally anachronistic when applied to the musical thought and works of the decades around 1800

Cadaver-Based Trauma Procedural Skills Training: Skills Retention 30 Months after Training among Practicing Surgeons in Comparison to Experts or More Recently Trained Residents

Background: Long-term retention of trauma procedural core-competency skills and need for re-training after a 1-day cadaver-based course remains unknown. We measured and compared technical skills for trauma core competencies at mean 14 months (38 residents), 30 months (35 practicing surgeons), and 46 months (10 experts) after training to determine if skill degradation occurs with time. Technical performance during extremity vascular exposures and lower-extremity fasciotomy in fresh cadavers measured by validated individual procedure score (IPS) was the primary outcome. Study Design: We performed a prospective study between May 2013 and September 2016. Results: Practicing surgeons had lower IPS and IPS component scores (p = 0.02 to 0.001) than residents (p \u3c 0.05) and experts (p \u3c 0.002) for vascular procedures. Frequencies of errors were no different among residents and experts. Practicing surgeons made more critical errors (p \u3c 0.05) than experts or residents. Experts had shortest time to proximal vascular control. Fasciotomy procedural errors occurred in all participants. Cluster analysis of anatomy vs procedural steps identified tertiles of performance and wide variance (32.5% practicing surgeons, 26.5% residents vs 13% experts) for vascular procedures. Vascular control duration \u3e 20 minutes (n = 21) and failure to decompress fasciotomy compartments were correlated with incorrect landmarks and skin incisions. Modeling found interval trauma skills experience, not time since training, was associated with lower IPS. Conclusions: Practicing surgeons with low trauma skills experience since training had lower IPS and component scores (p = 0.02 to 0.001) and more errors compared with experts and residents (p \u3c 0.05). Surgeons, including experts with low interval experience performing trauma procedures, may benefit from refreshing of correct landmarks and skin incision placement identification

Cadaver-Based Trauma Procedural Skills Training: Skills Retention 30 Months after Training among Practicing Surgeons in Comparison to Experts or More Recently Trained Residents

Background: Long-term retention of trauma procedural core-competency skills and need for re-training after a 1-day cadaver-based course remains unknown. We measured and compared technical skills for trauma core competencies at mean 14 months (38 residents), 30 months (35 practicing surgeons), and 46 months (10 experts) after training to determine if skill degradation occurs with time. Technical performance during extremity vascular exposures and lower-extremity fasciotomy in fresh cadavers measured by validated individual procedure score (IPS) was the primary outcome. Study Design: We performed a prospective study between May 2013 and September 2016. Results: Practicing surgeons had lower IPS and IPS component scores (p = 0.02 to 0.001) than residents (p \u3c 0.05) and experts (p \u3c 0.002) for vascular procedures. Frequencies of errors were no different among residents and experts. Practicing surgeons made more critical errors (p \u3c 0.05) than experts or residents. Experts had shortest time to proximal vascular control. Fasciotomy procedural errors occurred in all participants. Cluster analysis of anatomy vs procedural steps identified tertiles of performance and wide variance (32.5% practicing surgeons, 26.5% residents vs 13% experts) for vascular procedures. Vascular control duration \u3e 20 minutes (n = 21) and failure to decompress fasciotomy compartments were correlated with incorrect landmarks and skin incisions. Modeling found interval trauma skills experience, not time since training, was associated with lower IPS. Conclusions: Practicing surgeons with low trauma skills experience since training had lower IPS and component scores (p = 0.02 to 0.001) and more errors compared with experts and residents (p \u3c 0.05). Surgeons, including experts with low interval experience performing trauma procedures, may benefit from refreshing of correct landmarks and skin incision placement identification