changing government role in regional cluster development in Korea

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Development Policy,2015The Korean government started the construction of Daedeok Science Town in 1973 after recognizing that the Korean industrial structure based on a few conglomerates revealed certain vulnerabilities with the slowdown of the world economy and the rise of international currency and trade pressures. With the increasing importance of regional clusters of sustainable development over the last few decades, the Dadeok Science Town was re-designed as Daedeok Innopolis (DI) in 2006 in pursuance of the Special Act on Fostering Daedeok Innopolis enacted in July, 2005 (www.innopolis.co.kr). The purpose of this qualitative research is to explore and understand the role of governments in regional cluster formation through a case study of the Korean government’s role in the development history and current status of DI. By constructively analyzing a series of literature and quantitative studies on regional clusters and on DI, this paper finds that while the Korean government successfully achieved many of the pre-requisites for establishing a vibrant regional cluster including human capital, infrastructure, technology, and competitive research institutes, it efforts had limitations in promoting other critical components of regional clusters such as intensive inter-firm interaction, shared know-how, spill-over expertise, and strong firm-support systems. This is because these “software” elements grow “organically” over time in a social-capital abundant environment. Lee refers this to an “innovative habitat,” which not only includes “people, firms and institutions – their networks and modes of interaction” but also their complex, dynamic and interdependent relationships which the state has little control over (Lee et al. 2000, 4). While the government has limitations in directly facilitating networks among entities and individuals it can support the next stage of DI’s innovative system by strengthening mechanisms to promote social capital and social trust. Although there is still very little research conducted on “what works” in the promotion of social capital, in general, the realm of civil society is regarded as the most fundamental in the building of the attitudinal aspects of social capital, such as trust and cooperation (Stolle 2003, 20).masterpublishedEunchong LEE

What Makes Lyα\alpha Nebulae Glow? Mapping the Polarization of LABd05

"Ly$\alpha$ nebulae" are giant ($\sim$100 kpc), glowing gas clouds in the distant universe. The origin of their extended Ly$\alpha$ emission remains a mystery. Some models posit that Ly$\alpha$ emission is produced when the cloud is photoionized by UV emission from embedded or nearby sources, while others suggest that the Ly$\alpha$ photons originate from an embedded galaxy or AGN and are then resonantly scattered by the cloud. At least in the latter scenario, the observed Ly$\alpha$ emission will be polarized. To test these possibilities, we are conducting imaging polarimetric observations of seven Ly$\alpha$ nebulae. Here we present our results for LABd05, a cloud at $z$ = 2.656 with an obscured, embedded AGN to the northeast of the peak of Ly$\alpha$ emission. We detect significant polarization. The highest polarization fractions $P$ are $\sim$10-20% at $\sim$20-40 kpc southeast of the Ly$\alpha$ peak, away from the AGN. The lowest $P$, including upper-limits, are $\sim$5% and lie between the Ly$\alpha$ peak and AGN. In other words, the polarization map is lopsided, with $P$ increasing from the Ly$\alpha$ peak to the southeast. The measured polarization angles $\theta$ are oriented northeast, roughly perpendicular to the $P$ gradient. This unique polarization pattern suggests that 1) the spatially-offset AGN is photoionizing nearby gas and 2) escaping Ly$\alpha$ photons are scattered by the nebula at larger radii and into our sightline, producing tangentially-oriented, radially-increasing polarization away from the photoionized region. Finally we conclude that the interplay between the gas density and ionization profiles produces the observed central peak in the Ly$\alpha$ emission. This also implies that the structure of LABd05 is more complex than assumed by current theoretical spherical or cylindrical models.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure

Potential of observables for global and regional atmospheric CH₄ budget estimation

Methane (CH₄) is the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) in terms of radiative forcing since 1750, and atmospheric mixing ratios are on the rise globally. However, our understanding of its fluxes is still poor, and our current and past observations including mixing ratios and bulk isotope ratios, δ¹³C and δ²H, do not provide sufficient constraints for an adequate understanding in source or sink estimates, or to verify our understanding of sectoral emissions at regional scales. This thesis aims to find additional tools with which we can augment our knowledge on methane fluxes. For this purpose, there is a need to assess the impact of new and forthcoming measurements on our understanding of the global and regional CH₄ budget. Firstly, the potential benefit of measuring ”clumped” isotopologues, specifically ¹³CH₃D and ¹²CH₂D₂, on the quantification of global fluxes is explored. Clumped isotopologues, referring to isotopologues with two or more of its constituents being the rarer isotopes, of CH₄ in the ambient atmosphere have not been measured before due to their low abundance. However the capability of instruments is improving and the recent decade has seen the measurements of high concentration natural samples, and experiments and improved calculations of kinetic isotope effects. We developed a 12-box model and an inverse method to thoroughly explore the added value of measuring clumped isotope ratios in the atmosphere rather than just the total amount fractions and the bulk stable isotope ratios. This work has shown and explained that mixing ratios and bulk isotope ratios (even if the measurement of δ²H was not discontinued), alone cannot sufficiently constrain global sources and sinks, while ¹³CH₃D is largely unresponsive to any changes in the atmospheric state, but ¹²CH₂D₂ has shown potential, even with a measurement frequency as low as annual, to differentiate a global high-emission/high-sink scenario from a low-emission/low sink-scenario. Secondly, this study presents a novel method that combines measurement of radon (²²²Rn) and high-resolution Lagrangian particle dispersion model output to enhance the methods for regional CH₄ emissions estimation. The half-hourly estimates of ²²²Rn at the tall tower site in Heathfield, UK started in 2020, and back-trajectory footprints are created so that the decay of 222Rn during transport can be considered. This novel application firstly seeks to identify the bias introduced by errors in meteorology, which will help to minimise model-induced bias in top-down inversion methods. Within this study, for the first time, a unique radon dataset is derived from a standardized procedure, which is applicable to any similar 222Rn monitoring station. The obtained results showed that the 222Rn-based method can consistently identify the errors in back-trajectory sensitivity maps. In addition, this novel method suggests under which meteorological conditions the top-down methods need special care to be taken in order to accurately derive. Lastly, a novel high-resolution hierarchical Bayesian inverse modelling technique based on NAME footprints that incorporates in-situ high frequency bulk isotopes, δ¹³C and δ²H, for regional emission estimation for different source categories is presented. This model is used to assess the impact high-frequency bulk isotope measurements at the tall tower site in Heathfield, UK, would bring to the regional source quantification and apportionments. Sensitivity tests have demonstrated that the inverse model is able to explain potential observations well, and have shown the new measurements improving the model’s performance in source apportionment, but also highlight the challenges in prior uncertainties as well as reduced usefulness of isotopic measurements in a future low CH₄ emission environment

Mapping the Polarization of the Radio-Loud Lyα\alpha Nebula B3 J2330+3927

Lya nebulae, or "Lya blobs", are extended (up to ~100 kpc), bright (L[Lya] > 10^43 erg/s) clouds of Lya emitting gas that tend to lie in overdense regions at z ~ 2--5. The origin of the Lya emission remains unknown, but recent theoretical work suggests that measuring the polarization might discriminate among powering mechanisms. Here we present the first narrowband, imaging polarimetry of a radio-loud Lya nebula, B3 J2330+3927 at z=3.09, with an embedded active galactic nucleus (AGN). The AGN lies near the blob's Lya emission peak and its radio lobes align roughly with the blob's major axis. With the SPOL polarimeter on the 6.5m MMT telescope, we map the total (Lya + continuum) polarization in a grid of circular apertures of radius 0.6" (4.4kpc), detecting a significant (>2sigma) polarization fraction P in nine apertures and achieving strong upper-limits (as low as 2%) elsewhere. P increases from <2% at ~5kpc from the blob center to ~17% at ~15-25kpc. The detections are distributed asymmetrically, roughly along the nebula's major axis. The polarization angles theta are mostly perpendicular to this axis. Comparing the Lya flux to that of the continuum, and conservatively assuming that the continuum is highly polarized (20-100%) and aligned with the total polarization, we place lower limits on the polarization of the Lya emission P(Lya) ranging from no significant polarization at ~5 kpc from the blob center to ~ 3--17% at 10--25kpc. Like the total polarization, the Lya polarization detections occur more often along the blob's major axis.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Magnetic properties of hematite revealed by an ab initio parameterized spin model

Hematite is a canted antiferromagnetic insulator, promising for applications in spintronics. Here, we present ab initio calculations of the tensorial exchange interactions of hematite and use them to understand its magnetic properties by parameterizing a semiclassical Heisenberg spin model. Using atomistic spin dynamics simulations, we calculate the equilibrium properties and phase transitions of hematite, most notably the Morin transition. The computed isotropic and Dzyaloshinskii--Moriya interactions result in a N\'eel temperature and weak ferromagnetic canting angle that are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Our simulations show how dipole-dipole interactions act in a delicate balance with first and higher-order on-site anisotropies to determine the material's magnetic phase. Comparison with spin-Hall magnetoresistance measurements on a hematite single-crystal reveals deviations of the critical behavior at low temperatures. Based on a mean-field model, we argue that these differences result from the quantum nature of the fluctuations that drive the phase transitions.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure

Web-based design and analysis tools for CRISPR base editing

Background: As a result of its simplicity and high efficiency, the CRISPR-Cas system has been widely used as a genome editing tool. Recently, CRISPR base editors, which consist of deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) or Cas9 nickase (nCas9) linked with a cytidine or a guanine deaminase, have been developed. Base editing tools will be very useful for gene correction because they can produce highly specific DNA substitutions without the introduction of any donor DNA, but dedicated web-based tools to facilitate the use of such tools have not yet been developed. Results: We present two web tools for base editors, named BE-Designer and BE-Analyzer. BE-Designer provides all possible base editor target sequences in a given input DNA sequence with useful information including potential off-target sites. BE-Analyzer, a tool for assessing base editing outcomes from next generation sequencing (NGS) data, provides information about mutations in a table and interactive graphs. Furthermore, because the tool runs client-side, large amounts of targeted deep sequencing data (&lt; 1 GB) do not need to be uploaded to a server, substantially reducing running time and increasing data security. BE-Designer and BE-Analyzer can be freely accessed at http://www.rgenome.net/be-designer/ and http://www.rgenome.net/be-analyzer /, respectively. Conclusion: We develop two useful web tools to design target sequence (BE-Designer) and to analyze NGS data from experimental results (BE-Analyzer) for CRISPR base editors

Deep Learning for Integrated Analysis of Insulin Resistance with Multi-Omics Data

Technological advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have made it possible to uncover extensive and dynamic alterations in diverse molecular components and biological pathways across healthy and diseased conditions. Large amounts of multi-omics data originating from emerging NGS experiments require feature engineering, which is a crucial step in the process of predictive modeling. The underlying relationship among multi-omics features in terms of insulin resistance is not well understood. In this study, using the multi-omics data of type II diabetes from the Integrative Human Microbiome Project, from 10,783 features, we conducted a data analytic approach to elucidate the relationship between insulin resistance and multi-omics features, including microbiome data. To better explain the impact of microbiome features on insulin classification, we used a developed deep neural network interpretation algorithm for each microbiome feature’s contribution to the discriminative model output in the samples

Full-Body Motion Capture-Based Virtual Reality Multi-Remote Collaboration System

Various realistic collaboration technologies have emerged in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as existing virtual reality (VR) collaboration systems generally employ an inverse kinematic method using a head-mounted display and controller, the user and character cannot be accurately matched. Accordingly, the immersion level of the VR experience is low. In this study, we propose a VR remote collaboration system that uses motion capture to improve immersion. The system uses a VR character in which a user wearing motion capture equipment performs the same operations as the user. Nevertheless, an error can occur in the virtual environment when the sizes of the actual motion capture user and virtual character are different. To reduce this error, a technique for synchronizing the size of the character according to the user&rsquo;s body was implemented and tested. The experimental results show that the error between the heights of the test subject and virtual character was 0.465 cm on average. To verify that the implementation of the motion-capture-based VR remote collaboration system is possible, we confirm that three motion-capture users can collaborate remotely using a photon server