71 research outputs found

    Electroactive biofilms: new means for electrochemistry

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    This work demonstrates that electrochemical reactions can be catalysed by the natural biofilms that form on electrode surfaces dipping into drinking water or compost. In drinking water, oxygen reduction was monitored with stainless steel ultra-microelectrodes under constant potential electrolysis at )0.30 V/SCE for 13 days. 16 independent experiments were conducted in drinking water, either pure or with the addition of acetate or dextrose. In most cases, the current increased and reached 1.5–9.5 times the initial current. The current increase was attributed to biofilm forming on the electrode in a similar way to that has been observed in seawater. Epifluorescence microscopy showed that the bacteria size and the biofilm morphology depended on the nutrients added, but no quantitative correlation between biofilm morphology and current was established. In compost, the oxidation process was investigated using a titanium based electrode under constant polarisation in the range 0.10–0.70 V/SCE. It was demonstrated that the indigenous micro-organisms were responsible for the current increase observed after a few days, up to 60 mA m)2. Adding 10 mM acetate to the compost amplified the current density to 145 mA m)2 at 0.50 V/SCE. The study suggests that many natural environments, other than marine sediments, waste waters and seawaters that have been predominantly investigated until now, may be able to produce electrochemically active biofilm

    Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

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    Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

    Cent scientifiques répliquent à SEA (Suppression des Expériences sur l’Animal vivant) et dénoncent sa désinformation

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    La lutte contre la maltraitance animale est sans conteste une cause moralement juste. Mais elle ne justifie en rien la désinformation à laquelle certaines associations qui s’en réclament ont recours pour remettre en question l’usage de l’expérimentation animale en recherche

    Du miroir au guide d'onde atomique (effets de rugosité)

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    PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

    MODELISATION ET SIMULATION MULTI-NIVEAUX DE L'OXYDATION THERMIQUE DU SILICIUM SI(100) (DE L'ECHELLE ATOMIQUE AU CONTINUUM)

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    CE TRAVAIL PRESENTE UNE PREMIERE TENTATIVE POUR SIMULER L'OXYDATION DU SILICIUM EN TENANT COMPTE DES MECANISMES A L'ECHELLE ATOMIQUE ET EN METTANT EN UVRE UN ENSEMBLE DE MODELES HIERARCHISES. IL S'INSCRIT DANS LE CONTEXTE ACTUEL DE LA TENDANCE A LA REDUCTION DES DIMENSIONS DES COMPOSANTS MICROELECTRONIQUES, NECESSITANT DES COUCHES D'OXYDE DE PLUS EN PLUS FINES. A CES DIMENSIONS, LE RECOURS AUX MECANISMES MICROSCOPIQUES DEVIENT INEVITABLE, C'EST LA RAISON DE L'UTILISATION DES MODELES HIERARCHISES : - AB INITIO, FONDE SUR LA THEORIE DE LA FONCTIONNELLE DENSITE, POUR DETERMINER LES MECANISMES ELEMENTAIRES ET LES ENERGIES D'ACTIVATION ASSOCIEES, - MONTE CARLO POUR MELANGER CES MECANISMES ELEMENTAIRES DANS UN SYSTEME A GRAND NOMBRE D'ATOMES ET SIMULER LES CONFIGURATIONS RENCONTREES A HAUTE TEMPERATURE, - CINETIQUE CHIMIQUE QUI REPREND LES MECANISMES LES PLUS PERTINENTS POUR TRAITER DES DIMENSIONS LATERALES MACROSCOPIQUES ET POUR ACCELERER LE CALCUL, AVEC UNE FINALITE D'UTILISATION INDUSTRIELLE. CHACUN DE CES MODELES FOURNIT DES MECANISMES ET DES PARAMETRES AU MODELE SUIVANT QUI TRAITE UN PLUS GRAND NOMBRE D'ATOMES, SIMULE DES DUREES D'EXPERIENCE PLUS LONGUES AVEC DES TEMPS DE CALCUL PLUS COURTS. NOUS AVONS MONTRE, A L'AIDE DE CALCULS AB INITIO, L'EXISTENCE DE DEUX MECANISMES FONDAMENTAUX: - LA REACTION DE L'OXYGENE AVEC DES LIAISONS SI-SI POUR FORMER DES LIAISONS SI-O-SI - L'ARRACHAGE DES ATOMES DE SILICIUM CRISTALLIN POUR FORMER DES MOLECULES SIO QUI SONT ENSUITE REABSORBEES. LA TECHNIQUE DE MONTE CARLO NOUS A PERMIS DE METTRE EN CONCURRENCE CES DEUX MECANISMES, EN MEME TEMPS QUE D'AUTRES PLUS CONNUS DE LA CROISSANCE DES COUCHES. NOUS AVONS AINSI SIMULE LA CROISSANCE DE COUCHES D'OXYDE DANS DIVERSES CONDITIONS EXPERIMENTALES: TEMPERATURE, PRESSION, ET COMPARE NOS RESULTATS AVEC LES DONNEES EXPERIMENTALES DE DIFFERENTES NATURES. ENFIN NOUS AVONS EXPRIME L'EVOLUTION DES VALEURS MOYENNES DES CONCENTRATIONS DES PRINCIPALES ESPECES RENCONTREES DANS LA SIMULATION MONTE CARLO, EN TERME D'EQUATIONS AUX DERIVEES PARTIELLES. NOUS AVONS RESOLU CES EQUATIONS POUR EN DEDUIRE LA CINETIQUE D'OXYDATION ET DE CREATION DES DEFAUTS. POUR EFFECTUER CES SIMULATIONS, NOUS AVONS DEVELOPPE ET VALIDE DEUX LOGICIELS DE TYPE MONTE CARLO (OXCAD) ET MACROSCOPIQUE. LES PREMIERES VERSIONS DE CES LOGICIELS SONT SUFFISAMMENT SOUPLES POUR QUE DE NOUVEAUX PUISSENT Y ETRE FACILEMENT IMPLANTES.TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocSudocFranceF
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