Performance of Expansive Soil Stabilized with Bamboo Charcoal, Quarry Dust, and Lime for Use as Road Subgrade Material

Expansive soils such as Black Cotton Soils (BCS) present significant challenges for road subgrade construction due to their high plasticity, swelling potential, and low strength. This study explores a triphasic stabilization method using Bamboo Charcoal (BC), Quarry Dust (QD), and Lime (L) to enhance the engineering properties of BCS for rural road applications. Initial soil characterization involved standard tests, including Atterberg limits, compaction, and Californian Bearing Ratio (CBR) assessments. The soil was treated with varying BC proportions (5% to 35% at 5% intervals) in the initial phase, leading to a progressive reduction in the Plasticity Index (PI) and swell index and an enhancement in the CBR up to 20% BC content. This further resulted in a soaked CBR value of 2.7%. In the second phase, additional treatment combined with BC and QD, incorporating diverse QD proportions (4% to 24%) relative to the optimal BC content. This further improved the CBR to 7.7% at 12% QD, but the PI exhibited a non-linear trend. Finally, 5% lime was introduced in the final phase. This minimized the PI to 11.2% and significantly increased the CBR to 19%. The optimal combination of 20% BC, 12% QD, and 5% Lime achieved optimal plasticity, compaction, and strength characteristics, demonstrating the viability of this approach for transforming BCS into a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for rural road subgrade construction.Comment: 13 pages, 15 image

Togo

This chapter presents French as it is spoken in Togo. Taking the form of a survey, we first attempt to situate the French language within the Togolese sociolinguistic space. We recall the endogenous (indigenous)-exogenous characterization of the various languages, their geographical spread, and social distribution. We highlight the fact that the French language is an exogenous language; and that it is placed within a rich linguistic ecology. Consequently, functionally, it participates in a multidimensional multilingual arrangement. In this arrangement, two major endogenous languages, Ewe and Kabiye, due to the rather turbulent linguistic history of the country, play major stratal vehicular roles. This has influences not only on the language ideology and policies of the country but also on the linguistic features of the most ubiquitous exogenous language, French. The linguistic influences are observable on all levels of linguistic analysis, with a seeming ongoing process of nativization. The suggestion then is that this should be the right time for full-scale projects to document the grammar of this nativized variety

African Linguistics in Central and Eastern Europe, and in the Nordic Countries

Non peer reviewe

Language endangerment and language documentation in Africa

Non peer reviewe

Zur Überlebensfähigkeit des Kabiye in Togo

In Togo, speakers of Kabiye have been in contact with the speak¬ers of Ewe for several decades due to migration. As a result of this language contact, many members of the Kabiye speech community have become bilingual in Kabiye and Ewe. There have been a number of claims that Kabiye “est une langue en péril” (Aritiba 1993: 11). These claims have been based mainly on the observation of Kabiye speakers in Lomé and other major cities, where younger speakers seem to be losing their mother tongue to the benefit of Ewe. However, the extent of the loss of Kabiye is not well known because no extensive sociolinguistic study has been carried out among Kabiye speakers in these areas, and more specifically, in major Kabiye-speaking areas. The current study which has been carried out in Kara, the major Kabiye-speaking city and Awidina, a Kabiye village of the prefecture of Kara, fills the gap. The paper examines Kabiye speakers’ reports of patterns of language use in these areas of the Kabiye community.Seit einigen Jahrzehnten leben Kabiye-sprachige Migranten in Togo in Kontakt mit der Ewe-sprachigen Bevölkerung. Im Ergebnis dieses Sprachkontakts sind viele Angehörige der Kabiye-Sprachgemeinde bilingual und kombinieren Kabiye und Ewe. Kabiye wird inzwischen vielfach als sterbende Sprache angesehen. Diese Einschätzungen beruhen aber vor allem auf der Beobachtung von Kabiye-Sprachigen in Lomé und anderen großen Städten, wo die jungen Leute nach und nach ihre Muttersprache zugunsten von Ewe aufgeben. Dennoch ist über das Ausmaß des Verschwindens von Kabiye wenig bekannt, denn bislang gibt es keine extensive Studie unter Kabiye-Sprachigen in diesen Gebieten, insbesondere aber auch keine für Regionen, in denen Kabiye die wichtigste Sprache darstellt. Die vorliegende Studie, die in Kara, der wichtigsten Kabiye-sprachigen Stadt, und in Awidina, einem Kabiye-Dorf in der Präfektur Kara, durchgeführt wurde, will diese Lücke schließen. Der Autor analysiert Ergebnisse von Befragungen unter Kabiye-Sprachigen dieser Regionen zu ihrem Sprechverhalten

The Vitality of Kabiye in Togo

In Togo, speakers of Kabiye have been in contact with the speak¬ers of Ewe for several decades due to migration. As a result of this language contact, many members of the Kabiye speech community have become bilingual in Kabiye and Ewe. There have been a number of claims that Kabiye .est une langue en péril. (Aritiba 1993: 11). These claims have been based mainly on the observation of Kabiye speakers in Lomé and other major cities, where younger speakers seem to be losing their mother tongue to the benefit of Ewe. However, the extent of the loss of Kabiye is not well known because no extensive sociolinguistic study has been carried out among Kabiye speakers in these areas, and more specifically, in major Kabiye-speaking areas. The current study which has been carried out in Kara, the major Kabiye-speaking city and Awidina, a Kabiye village of the prefecture of Kara, fills the gap. The paper examines Kabiye speakers. reports of patterns of language use in these areas of the Kabiye community.Language; Kabiye; Bilingualism

The vitality of Kabiye in Togo

In Togo, speakers of Kabiye have been in contact with the speak¬ers of Ewe for several decades due to migration. As a result of this language contact, many members of the Kabiye speech community have become bilingual in Kabiye and Ewe. There have been a number of claims that Kabiye "est une langue en péril" (Aritiba 1993: 11). These claims have been based mainly on the observation of Kabiye speakers in Lomé and other major cities, where younger speakers seem to be losing their mother tongue to the benefit of Ewe. However, the extent of the loss of Kabiye is not well known because no extensive sociolinguistic study has been carried out among Kabiye speakers in these areas, and more specifically, in major Kabiye-speaking areas. The current study which has been carried out in Kara, the major Kabiye-speaking city and Awidina, a Kabiye village of the prefecture of Kara, fills the gap. The paper examines Kabiye speakers’ reports of patterns of language use in these areas of the Kabiye community.Seit einigen Jahrzehnten leben Kabiye-sprachige Migranten in Togo in Kontakt mit der Ewe-sprachigen Bevölkerung. Im Ergebnis dieses Sprachkontakts sind viele Angehörige der Kabiye-Sprachgemeinde bilingual und kombinieren Kabiye und Ewe. Kabiye wird inzwischen vielfach als sterbende Sprache angesehen. Diese Einschätzungen beruhen aber vor allem auf der Beobachtung von Kabiye-Sprachigen in Lomé und anderen großen Städten, wo die jungen Leute nach und nach ihre Muttersprache zugunsten von Ewe aufgeben. Dennoch ist über das Ausmaß des Verschwindens von Kabiye wenig bekannt, denn bislang gibt es keine extensive Studie unter Kabiye-Sprachigen in diesen Gebieten, insbesondere aber auch keine für Regionen, in denen Kabiye die wichtigste Sprache darstellt. Die vorliegende Studie, die in Kara, der wichtigsten Kabiye-sprachigen Stadt, und in Awidina, einem Kabiye-Dorf in der Präfektur Kara, durchgeführt wurde, will diese Lücke schließen. Der Autor analysiert Ergebnisse von Befragungen unter Kabiye-Sprachigen dieser Regionen zu ihrem Sprechverhalten

Zur Überlebensfähigkeit des Kabiye in Togo

In Togo, speakers of Kabiye have been in contact with the speak¬ers of Ewe for several decades due to migration. As a result of this language contact, many members of the Kabiye speech community have become bilingual in Kabiye and Ewe. There have been a number of claims that Kabiye “est une langue en péril” (Aritiba 1993: 11). These claims have been based mainly on the observation of Kabiye speakers in Lomé and other major cities, where younger speakers seem to be losing their mother tongue to the benefit of Ewe. However, the extent of the loss of Kabiye is not well known because no extensive sociolinguistic study has been carried out among Kabiye speakers in these areas, and more specifically, in major Kabiye-speaking areas. The current study which has been carried out in Kara, the major Kabiye-speaking city and Awidina, a Kabiye village of the prefecture of Kara, fills the gap. The paper examines Kabiye speakers’ reports of patterns of language use in these areas of the Kabiye community.Seit einigen Jahrzehnten leben Kabiye-sprachige Migranten in Togo in Kontakt mit der Ewe-sprachigen Bevölkerung. Im Ergebnis dieses Sprachkontakts sind viele Angehörige der Kabiye-Sprachgemeinde bilingual und kombinieren Kabiye und Ewe. Kabiye wird inzwischen vielfach als sterbende Sprache angesehen. Diese Einschätzungen beruhen aber vor allem auf der Beobachtung von Kabiye-Sprachigen in Lomé und anderen großen Städten, wo die jungen Leute nach und nach ihre Muttersprache zugunsten von Ewe aufgeben. Dennoch ist über das Ausmaß des Verschwindens von Kabiye wenig bekannt, denn bislang gibt es keine extensive Studie unter Kabiye-Sprachigen in diesen Gebieten, insbesondere aber auch keine für Regionen, in denen Kabiye die wichtigste Sprache darstellt. Die vorliegende Studie, die in Kara, der wichtigsten Kabiye-sprachigen Stadt, und in Awidina, einem Kabiye-Dorf in der Präfektur Kara, durchgeführt wurde, will diese Lücke schließen. Der Autor analysiert Ergebnisse von Befragungen unter Kabiye-Sprachigen dieser Regionen zu ihrem Sprechverhalten