Lake Michigan Tributary Characteristics, Nutrient Loading Trends, and River Plume Dynamics

In response to the increasing frequency of water quality impairment near tributary outlets, understanding the delivery of nutrients to the nearshore region of the Great Lakes is becoming increasingly important. This study assessed the transport of nutrients from tributaries to the nearshore region of lakes by evaluating the dynamics of tributaries and river plumes. Analysis focused on answering the following questions: (1) How do hydrologic characteristics of Lake Michigan tributaries vary historically and in comparison to each other; (2) How do nutrient concentrations vary episodically and chemostatically within Lake Michigan tributaries, and how does this impact nutrient loading; (3) How do Lake Michigan river plumes’ spatial characteristics and classification vary temporally, and what are the ecological implications

A Wind-Derived Upwelling Index for Lake Michigan

Coastal upwelling is a phenomenon that occurs along coastlines throughout the world, and has been shown to be strongly correlated with large fish populations in these areas. Coastal upwelling occurs when strong coastal winds drive water transport away from the coast, causing colder, often nutrient-rich water to upwell in its place. While coastal upwellings can be detected with satellite imagery or in situ temperature measurements, these datasets are neither continuous nor long-term. A wind-derived upwelling index was created for Lake Michigan to continuously quantify upwellings over multiple decades, and to allow for further understanding of the impact of upwelling in the Great Lakes region. Following work on oceanic upwelling, directional upwelling indices were calculated by taking wind velocity data from both buoys and land stations in Lake Michigan and estimating the off-shore transport of water as predicted by standard dynamical arguments (Ekman transport). Indices were calculated on episodic, daily, monthly, and seasonal timescales. The calculated indices were then validated with direct metrics of upwellings, including in situ water temperature and velocity data and satellite-derived sea surface temperatures (SST). The results of these validations show that there is a strong qualitative correlation between the upwelling index model and the other sources of data, suggesting that the wind-derived index is a robust metric of coastal upwelling, at least for Muskegon. Historical calculations of interannual variability in the derived upwelling index show that the Muskegon coast is downwelling favorable for the middle of the year, but can vary greatly from year to year in magnitude. Future work will include validation of additional locations in Lake Michigan in order to provide a more complete picture of upwelling in the lake

Adventures in Paragraph Writing: The Development and Refinement of Scalable and Effective Writing Exercises for Large-enrollment Engineering Courses

Adventures in paragraph writing: the development and refinement of scalable and effective writing exercises for large enrollment engineering courses. The ability to communicate effectively is a highly desirable attribute for today’s graduating engineers. Additionally, the inclusion of communication components in technical courses has been shown to enhance learning of technical content and can be leveraged to satisfy non-technical learning outcomes. However, the incorporation of such components in undergraduate engineering curricula remains challenging due to resource limitations, credit hour crunches, and other issues. This paper presents the design considerations and preliminary results from our ongoing work to create an effective, transferrable, low-overhead approach to paragraph writing exercises suitable for inclusion in any large engineering course. Key considerations in the development of these exercises include: identification of the motivations and learning outcomes for each exercise; development and tailoring of writing prompts (questions) appropriate for these outcomes; and the development and implementation of an assessment and feedback strategy,including resource-efficient grading rubrics and techniques.Results are reported from the application of the paragraph writing exercise in a large civil engineering undergraduate fluid mechanics course (120 students; approximately 15 assignments). A primary focus of this first application centered on two key components that must be refined in order for the exercise to be effective and transferrable: (1) the selection of writing prompts, and (2) assessment and feedback. Analysis of student paragraphs highlights the importance of the writing prompts in the success of the exercise, indicating that specific word choice, question focus, and supplemental instruction greatly affected the level of writing students submitted. Some writing prompts were selected to address and enhance technical content in the course, while other writing prompts were developed to broaden student awareness of engineering in societal, environmental, and global contexts. In addition to developing productive writing prompts, the assessment and feedback strategies were evaluated using student surveys and feedback. While minimal marking and holistic rubric assessment methods proved effective from a grading resource standpoint, students were frustrated by the lack of feedback associated with these techniques and uncomfortable with the holistic grading rubric. Data from student surveys point to the importance of giving meaningful feedback to students, and providing them with opportunities to revise their written submissions. Student surveys also highlighted an unforeseen obstacle to the exercise: student resistance to writing in technical courses. We provide several suggestions for overcoming student resistance, as well as improved assessment and feedback strategies that better meet student needs while still not over-burdening instructors and teaching assistants

Impact of primary care physicians working part-time on patient care: A scoping review

AbstractBackground Increasing numbers of primary care physicians (PCPs) are reducing their working hours. This decline may affect the workforce and the care provided to patients.Objectives This scoping review aims to determine the impact of PCPs working part-time on quality of patient care.Methods A systematic search was conducted using the databases PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Peer-reviewed, original articles with either quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods designs, published after 2000 and written in any language were considered. The search strings combined the two concepts: part-time work and primary care. Studies were included if they examined any effect of PCPs working part-time on quality of patient care.Results The initial search resulted in 2,323 unique studies. Abstracts were screened, and information from full texts on the study design, part-time and quality of patient care was extracted. The final dataset included 14 studies utilising data from 1996 onward. The studies suggest that PCPs working part-time may negatively affect patient care, particularly the access and continuity of care domains. Clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction seem mostly unaffected or even improved.Conclusion There is evidence of both negative and positive effects of PCPs working part-time on quality of patient care. Approaches that mitigate negative effects of part-time work while maintaining positive effects should be implemented

Perspectives on embedding inclusive pedagogy within a BSc psychology curriculum

Creating an inclusive experience for students in Higher Education is important for their engagement, belonging, and attainment. There are multiple ways of approaching inclusive teaching and there are specific considerations to be addressed when considering a Psychology curriculum. Although pedagogical resources discuss the benefits and abstract processes of creating inclusive curricula, there are little concrete examples of how to meaningfully engage in this process. We therefore present six case studies focusing on subject areas in psychology as well as specific approaches that have been adopted. In reflecting on our approaches, we offer the following suggestions to colleagues and give examples of concrete ways in which we have adopted them: (1) Consider and acknowledge your own positionality, and provide a framework for students to do the same; (2) Integrate lived experiences to content, particularly those with an applied focus; (3) Acknowledge that certain groups are underrepresented but strive to include research and theories from these groups where it is available; and, (4) Create diversity-centred learning objectives to structure an inclusive approach to content and assessment. We hope these reflections present a starting point for rich discussion about best practise in inclusive education as well as a resource for other educators.</p

Inhalation of hydrogenated vegetable oil combustion exhaust and genotoxicity responses in humans

Biofuels from vegetable oils or animal fats are considered to be more sustainable than petroleum-derived diesel fuel. In this study, we have assessed the effect of hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust on levels of DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as primary outcome, and oxidative stress and inflammation as mediators of genotoxicity. In a randomized cross-over study, healthy humans were exposed to filtered air, inorganic salt particles, exhausts from combustion of HVO in engines with aftertreatment [i.e. emission with nitrogen oxides and low amounts of particulate matter less than 2.5 µm (approximately 1 µg/m3)], or without aftertreatment (i.e. emission with nitrogen oxides and 93 ± 13 µg/m3 of PM2.5). The subjects were exposed for 3 h and blood samples were collected before, within 1 h after the exposure and 24 h after. None of the exposures caused generation of DNA strand breaks and oxidatively damaged DNA, or affected gene expression of factors related to DNA repair (Ogg1), antioxidant defense (Hmox1) or pro-inflammatory cytokines (Ccl2, Il8 and Tnfa) in PBMCs. The results from this study indicate that short-term HVO exhaust exposure is not associated with genotoxic hazard in humans