Dicaesium magnesium bis­(dihydrogen phosphate(V)) dihydrate

The title compound, Cs2Mg(H2P2O7)2·2H2O, is isostructural with the related known isoformular phosphates. The crystal framework consists of corner-sharing MgO6 and H2P2O7 polyhedra, leading to tunnels parallel to the b-axis direction in which Cs+ ions are located. The H2P2O7 unit shows a bent eclipsed conformation. The Mg2+ ion lies on an inversion center. The water molecules form hydrogen bonds to O atoms of two different dihydrogenphosphate ions, which are further hydrogen bonded to symmetry-equivalent dihydrogenphosphate ions

The triclinic form of dipotassium cobalt(II) bis­(dihydrogendiphosphate) dihydrate

In the title compound, K2Co(H2P2O7)2·2H2O, the octa­hedrally coordinated Co2+ ion lies on an inversion centre. Two bidentate dihydrogendiphosphate anions form the equatorial plane of the [CoO6] octa­hedron which is completed by two water mol­ecules in axial positions. This results in isolated {Co(H2O)2[H2P2O7]2}4− entities linked into a three-dimensional network through K—O bonds and O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions involving the dihydrogendiphosphate anions and water mol­ecules. The dihydrogendiphosphate anion, (H2P2O7)2−, is bent and shows an almost eclipsed conformation

Terbium(III) hydrogendiphosphate(V) tetra­hydrate

The Tb atom of the title compound, TbHP2O7·4H2O, is coordinated by the O atoms of three symmetrically independent water mol­ecules and by five O atoms belonging to HP2O7 − groups. The TbO8 polyhedra are inter­connected by the diphospate anions, forming a three-dimensional network which is additionally stabilized by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding between water mol­ecules and O atoms of the HP2O7 − anions. Uncoordinated water mol­ecules are situated in channels and are connected via hydrogen bonds with the framework

Design and Performance of lithium-Ion Batteries for Achieving Electric Vehicle Takeoff, Flight, and Landing

Today, the burgeoning drive towards global urbanization with over half the earth’s population living in cities, has created major challenges with regards to intracity and intercity transit and mobility. This problem is compounded due to the fact that almost always urbanization and increase in standard of living drives individual automobile ownerships. Over 95% of automobiles are presently powered by some form of fossil fuel and as an unintended consequence, urban centers have also been centers for peak greenhouse gas emissions, a major contributor to global climate change. A revolutionary solution to this conundrum is flight capable electric automobiles or electric aerial vehicles that can tackle both urban mobility and climate change challenges. For such advanced electric platforms, energy storage and delivery component is the vital component towards achieving takeoff, flight, cruise, and landing. The requirements and duty cycle demands on the energy storage system is drastically different when compared to the performance metrics required for terrestrial electric vehicles. As the widely deployed lithium ion-based battery systems are often the primary go-to energy storage choice in electric vehicle related applications, it is imperative that performance metrics and specifications for such batteries towards areal electric vehicles need to be established. In this nascent field, there exists ample opportunities for battery material innovations, understanding degradation mechanism, battery design, development and deployment of battery control and management systems. Thus, this chapter comprehensively discusses battery requirements and identifies battery material chemistries suitable for handling aerial electric automobile duty cycles. The chapter also discusses the battery cell-level metrics pertaining to electrochemical, chemical, mechanical, and structural parameters. Furthermore, specific models for battery degradation, state of health (SOH), capacity and models for full cell performance and degradation are also discussed here. Finally, the chapter also discusses battery safety and future directions of batteries that would power these next generation urban electric aircrafts

Current Status and Prospects of Solid-State Batteries as the Future of Energy Storage

Solid-state battery (SSB) is the new avenue for achieving safe and high energy density energy storage in both conventional but also niche applications. Such batteries employ a solid electrolyte unlike the modern-day liquid electrolyte-based lithium-ion batteries and thus facilitate the use of high-capacity lithium metal anodes thereby achieving high energy densities. Despite this promise, practical realization and commercial adoption of solid-state batteries remain a challenge due to the underlying material and cell level issues that needs to be overcome. This chapter thus covers the specific challenges, design principles and performance improvement strategies pertaining to the cathode, solid electrolyte and anode used in solid state batteries. Perspectives and outlook on specific applications that can benefit from the successful implementation of solid-state battery systems are also discussed. Overall, this chapter highlights the potential of solid-state batteries for successful commercial deployment in next generation energy storage systems

Ammonium ytterbium(III) diphosphate(V)

The title compound, NH4YbP2O7, crystallizes in the KAlP2O7 structure type and consists of distorted YbO6 octa­hedra and bent P2O7 4− diphosphate units forming together a three-dimensional network. There are channels in the structure running along the c axis, where the NH4 + cations are located. They are connected via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to the terminal O atoms of the diphosphate anions

Fast and Scalable Synthesis of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode by Sol-Gel-Assisted Microwave Sintering

High-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) is a promising cathode material for high-energy-density and high-power-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The high cost of the currently available LIBs needs to be addressed urgently for wide application in the transport sector (electric vehicles, buses) and large-scale energy storage systems (ESS). Of significance, herein, novel fast and scalable microwave-assisted synthesis of LNMO is reported, which leads to a production cost cut. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the formation of the desired phase with high crystallinity. Field emission scanning (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses indicate that the synthesized phase is of nanometric size (50–150 nm) due to an extremely short sintering time (20 min). The material synthesized at 750 °C shows a higher initial discharge capacity (130 mA h g−1) than that synthesized at 650 °C (115 mA h g−1). The materials heat treated at higher temperatures show better electrochemical performance in terms of initial capacity, rate capability, and improved cycling. The improved electrochemical performance of LNMO at 750 °C is attributed to the formation of a stable crystal structure, low charge transfer resistance at the electrode/electrolyte interface, high electrical conductivity due to the presence of a disorder structure, and improved ionic diffusivity.This publication was made possible by NPRP Grant # NPRP11S-1225-170128 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of the Qatar Foundation). Statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. The authors would like to acknowledge the technical support from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA, and the Central Laboratory Unit (CLU), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. The authors also acknowledge Core Labs. at Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), HBKU, Qatar, for FE?SEM and TEM analysis. Open Access funding provided by the Qatar National Library.Scopu

Crystal structure and magnetic properties of K2CoV2O7

The new compound K2CoV2O7 has been synthesized by a solid state reaction route. Its crystal structure has been determined using powder X-ray diffraction data (PXRD). The compound K2CoV2O7 crystallizes with the melilite-type structure with the tetragonal unit cell parameters a = 8.4574(1), c = 5.5729(1) Å and the space group View the MathML sourceP4−21m. The structure consists of [CoV2O7]2− layers perpendicular to the c axis separated by K+ layers. The [CoV2O7]2− layers consist of corner-sharing CoO4 tetrahedra and V2O7 pyrovanadate units, the linkage of these tetrahedra forming five-membered rings. The K+ cations occupy distorted square antiprisms of oxygen atoms. The magnetic susceptibility of K2CoV2O7 follows the Curie law χT = C with an effective magnetic moment μeff = 4.71 μB