Histological and Histochemical Study on Stomach of Salamandra infraimmaculata (Amphibia: Urodela)

In the current study, we aimed to investigate the histological and histochemical characteristics of stomach of Salamandra infraimmaculata. The stomach of S. infraimmaculata was composed of four distinct layers; mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa. The inner surface of gastric mucosa was lined by surface mucous cells which were simple columnar epithelium. Gastric glands were observed in mucosa. Mucous neck cells were located at the upper portion of glands, besides oxynticopeptic cells which were predominant at the gland body. The secretory components of mucous cells were neutral and acidic glycoproteins. The mucosa was separated from muscularis externa through submucosa which was formed by loose connective tissue. Muscularis externa consisted of a thick layer of smooth muscle. The muscularis externa was surrounded by the serosa which was the outermost layer of digestive tract

Characterization of testicular histology and spermatogenesis in the Levantine frog,

Amphibians occupy a position of great interest in terms of vertebrate evolution. Additionally, amphibians are known as a transitional group between amniotes and anamniotes. However, there are few studies on the gametogenesis of anamniotes vertebrates, especially anurans. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the histological feature of germ cells and their arrangement in the testis of Levantine frog, Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882). Spermatogenic cells were organized in spermatocysts. Each spermatocyst contained cells at the same stage of the spermatogenic cycle. Identification of each cellular type in seminiferous tubule was carried out according to the size and morphology of cells and the degree of nuclear material compaction. Spermatogonia were large cells localized at the base of the seminiferous epithelium. Primary spermatocytes were examined in different phases of first meiotic division and distinguished from other cell types by their dark spherical nuclei or looser chromatin. Two types of spermatids, spherical and elongated cells, were observed. Seminiferous tubules were surrounded by peritubular myoid cells, and they contained no lumen. The lack of lumen in the seminiferous tubules and the cystic spermatogenesis probably provide synchronously production of a large number of sperms. The location of hyaluronic acid was also determined in interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules to probably provide testicular integrity and viscoelasticity.Amphibians are major members of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. They serve as both predator and prey in both ecosystems. Therefore, they provide the transfer of energy between these systems. However, there are few studies on the gametogenesis of amphibian. Therefore, histological characteristics of Pelophylax bedriagae testes were studied

A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY ON HEART OF Pelophylax cf. bedriagae (ANURA: RANIDAE)

WOS: 000573355200001A circulatory system become compulsory for the transport of nutrients and gases due to the growth of animals and the development of various organs. the heart of Pelophylax cf. bedriagae consisted of three chambers (two atria and one ventricle). Two atria were completely separated, however the ventricle were undivided. When looking dorsally on the heart, thin-walled sinus venosus was observed. the sinus venosus is responsible for initiating the heart beat and receives venous blood coming from caput, anterior legs, and body that then flows to the right atrium. Pacemaker cells and ganglion cells were main cells of the sinus venosus. the layer of the heart wall consisted of epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. the epicardium was the outer layer of heart. the myocardium was medium layer which was composed of an outer compact layer and inner trabecular layer. Ventricular trabeculae were lined by a thin layer of endocardial endothelium. the inner trabecular layer of ectothermic vertebrates is accepted as homologous to the Purkinje network. the atrioventricular valves were composed of loose connective tissue