Effect of different grain structures on centerline macrosegregation during direct-chill casting

This is the post-print version of the final paper published in Acta Materialia. The published article is available from the link below. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Copyright @ 2008 Elsevier B.V.Duplex grain structure consisting of coarse-cell and fine-cell dendritic grains is frequently found in the central portion of direct-chill cast billets and ingots. Coarse-cell grains are usually considered as free-floating crystals settled to the bottom of the billet sump. These grains are assumed to be solute-lean and contribute to the negative centerline segregation. In this paper the contribution of coarse-cell and fine-cell grains to macrosegregation is for the first time studied experimentally by direct measurements of their composition. It is shown that the coarse-cell, floating grains are depleted of solute and the areas of their accumulation contribute to the negative macrosegregation. The areas of fine-cell grains can be either enriched in solute or be close to the nominal composition. It is argued that their composition results from the interplay between thermo-solutal and shrinkage-induced flows. The roles of casting speed and grain refining are also under scrutiny in this paper.Netherlands Institute for Metals Researc

Macrosegregation in direct-chill casting of aluminium alloys

This is the post-print version of the final paper published in Progress in Materials Science. The published article is available from the link below. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Copyright @ 2008 Elsevier B.V.Semi-continuous direct-chill (DC) casting holds a prominent position in commercial aluminium alloy processing, especially in production of large sized ingots. Macrosegregation, which is the non-uniform chemical composition over the length scale of a casting, is one of the major defects that occur during this process. The fact that macrosegregation is essentially unaffected by subsequent heat treatment (hence constitutes an irreversible defect) leaves us with little choice but to control it during the casting stage. Despite over a century of research in the phenomenon of macrosegregation in castings and good understanding of underlying mechanisms, the contributions of these mechanisms in the overall macrosegregation picture; and interplay between these mechanisms and the structure formation during solidification are still unclear. This review attempts to fill this gap based on the published data and own results. The following features make this review unique: results of computer simulations are used in order to separate the effects of different macrosegregation mechanisms. The issue of grain refining is specifically discussed in relation to macrosegregation. This report is structured as follows. Macrosegregation as a phenomenon is defined in the Introduction. In “Direct-chill casting – process parameters, solidification and structure patterns” section, direct-chill casting, the role of process parameters and the evolution of structural features in the as-cast billets are described. In “Macrosegregation in direct-chill casting of aluminium alloys” section, macrosegregation mechanisms are elucidated in a historical perspective and the correlation with DC casting process parameters and structural features are made. The issue of how to control macrosegregation in direct-chill casting is also dealt with in the same section. In “Role of grain refining” section, the effect of grain refining on macrosegregation is introduced, the current understanding is described and the contentious issues are outlined. The review is finished with conclusion remarks and outline for the future research.The Netherlands Institute for Metals Researc

Grain refinement efficiency of a new oxide-containing master alloy for aluminium casting alloys

In this study, grain refinement efficiency of a new oxide master alloy based on MgAl2O4 was demonstrated on an A357 alloy. The grain size of the reference alloy was reduced by 50-60% with the addition of the master alloy and introduction of ultrasonic cavitation. A higher addition of master alloy was found to be not benificial in further reducing the grain size.The ExoMet Project, which is co-funded by the European Commission in the 7th Framework Programme (contract FP7-NMP3-LA-2012-280421), by the European Space Agency and by the individual partner organisations

Sc applications in aluminum alloys: Overview of Russian research in the 20th century

© The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018. Following the pioneering patent of Willey on Al–Sc alloys (1971), an extensive research program has started in the USSR in the 1970s, dedicated both to the fundamentals of interaction and mechanisms of Sc in Al and to the development of Sc-containing aluminum alloys. A number of very important phase diagrams of practically relevant systems have been experimentally studied and laid the foundation for the development of wrought and casting alloys with Sc. The unique equilibrium L1 2 Al 3 Sc phase has been characterized and its role in grain refinement, precipitation hardening and preventing recrystallization has been identified and explained. Interaction of Sc with other transition elements, in particular Zr, has been investigated. A number of alloys of Al–Mg, Al–Li–Mg, Al–Zn-Mg, Al–Cu systems with particular properties, e.g. high strength, weldablity, superplasticity, have been developed and commercialized in the 1980–1990s. This presentation gives an overview of those developments

Conversion of Aluminum to Hydrogen: A Metallurgical Point of View

Perspective.Transition to the Net-Zero economy requires new sources of energy. Hydrogen is one of the promising candidates to replace carbohydrates. Emission-free technologies for hydrogen production are pivotal for this transition. However, the existing technologies to produce hydrogen are either polluting or energy-intensive. In recent years, a reaction of aluminum with water generating hydrogen has attracted a lot of attention. Most of the research is done with solid aluminum and analyzed mostly from the chemical and energy points of view. In this overview paper, rarely mentioned metallurgical aspects of this reaction are considered, as well as potential integration of the related technology into a green aluminum production cycle. The advantages of using liquid aluminum as well as related safety aspects are highlighted.This analysis was done within the framework of Circular Metals Centre funded by a UKRI/EPSRC grant EP/V011804/1

Ultrasonic melt processing: Achievements and challenges

Ultrasonic melt processing of light alloys enjoys the revival in the last 15 years. Although the scientific foundation and first examples of industrial application date back to the 1950s–1970s, the technological application of ultrasound in melt and solidification processing has not been fully accomplished. In recent years, the availability of advanced reliable equipment, new basic knowledge gained through modelling and dedicated experiments, and the industrial demand for clean, environment friendly technology sparked the interest to this technology and ensuing research. This paper reports on the currently achieved level of ultrasound application in light metal processing, i.e. degassing and grain refinement of light alloys and metal-matrix composite material manufacturing, and discusses challenges that still prevent large-scale implementation, both from fundamental and applied point of view. Main mechanisms underlying the effects of ultrasonic processing such as cavitation in melts, nucleation and fragmentation of solid phases, forced convection induced by cavitation zone and acoustic streaming, and mixing and distribution of solid inclusions are explained. The paper is illustrated by examples of own research.ExoMet Project funded by the EC/FP7 (GA NMP3-LA-2012-280421); Doshormat Project funded by the EC/FP7 (GA 606090); and the UltraMelt project funded by EPSRC (contract EP/K005804/1

Effect of Cu addition on the microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of a piston Al-Si alloy

This work was financially supported by The Research and Researchers for Industry (RRi) under the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) that offers a scholarship for Ph.D. student (PHD57I0060) with Thai Metal Aluminium Co., Ltd and King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi through the “KMUTT 55th Anniversary Commemorative Fund”

Validation of the Physical Simulations of a Stirred Molten Metal Using Particle Image Velocimetry Data

© 2018 The Author(s) Melt shearing refines the as-cast structure and the mechanism suggested beforehand is that of enhanced nucleation through oxide dispersion and fragmentation. The efficiency of processing by a rotor–stator mixer depends strongly on the treated volume of liquid metal. In this article the analytical modeling is validated by particle image velocimetry (PIV). The radius of the mixed region (a) has been described as a linear function of rotational speed (N) and the scale-up rules are given. Water model predictions have been confirmed experimentally by liquid metal shearing

Effects of ultrasonic melt processing on microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of hypereutectic Al-Si, Al-Fe and Al-Ni alloys with Zr additions

KMUTT Faculty of Engineering Strong Research Initiative 2020; EPSRC (UK) project UltraMelt2 (EP/R011095/1)

Tensile mechanical properties, constitutive parameters and fracture characteristics of an as-cast AA7050 alloy in the near-solidus temperature regime

The knowledge on constitutive mechanical behavior at the temperatures close to the solidus is essential for predicting high-temperature deformation and fracture, e.g. cold and hot cracking of aluminum alloys. In this work we studied the tensile mechanical properties of an as-cast AA7050 alloy in a near-solidus temperature regime. Tensile tests were carried out using Gleeble-3800TM system at temperatures from 400 to 465 °C and at strain rates from 0.0005 to 0.05 s-1. The results show that the strength decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. Meanwhile, ductility decreases with the increase of temperature and strain rate. The constitutive parameters were extracted by fitting the test data to the extended-Ludwik and creep-law equations. The parameters for the extended-Ludwik equation are continuous with the values from a lower temperature regime obtained earlier, while the parameters for the creep-law equation are comparable with those obtained on other 7XXX aluminum alloys. We observed a change in fracture mode at 450 °C; from ductile transgranular to intergranular. This temperature coincides with the discontinuity point of the temperature-ductility slope. On the fracture surface of a sample that was deformed at 465 °C with a strain rate of 0.0005 s-1, we observed features characteristic of micro-superplasticity. Considering the test conditions, viscous flows of incipient melt or liquid-like substances are suggested to be responsible for the formation of this feature