Translation Competences, Translators’ Needs, And Translation Market Standards And Demands : Views Of Professional Translators

Program latihan penterjemah telah berkembang secara meluas selaras dengan keperluan terhadap komunikasi antara budaya. Akibatnya, terdapat pendapat yang menyatakan bahawa latihan bagi penterjemah sepatutnya berlandaskan asas pendidikan yang sesuai. Translator training programs have expanded extensively due to the need for intercultural communication. As a result, a growing sensitivity has formed stating that the training of the translators should be founded on a proper educational basis

Relevance, Processing Effort, and Contextual Effect in Farsi Translation of Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

Relevance Theory of Communication has various implications in translation. Since translation can be considered as expression and recognition of intentions, and based on the presumption that a large number of Farsi translations are not successful in this process, this study aimed at detecting the obstacles which hinder this process and effective procedures in avoiding and overcoming such obstacles. To this end, five sample paragraphs were selected from Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and two translations of it into Farsi. Then five instructors of translation studies were asked to evaluate the selected texts and list the factors which increased processing effort based on the guidelines adopted from principles of Relevance Theory and the criteria proposed by vandijk (1979). The results indicated that there were some factors that decreased the relevance level of the text for the Persian audience. Taking the raters’ notes into consideration and analyzing the texts of each translation, the researcher came up with some helpful guidelines to avoid such obstacles in the process of translation e.g. avoiding uncommon phonological patterns or concepts which are unknown to the Persian audience. Key words: Translation; Relevance; Processing effort; Contextual effect; Communicatio

An Overview of Studies Conducted on Washback, Impact and Validity

This article aimed at presenting a comprehensive overview of three interrelated concepts of washback, impact and validity in language testing and a myriad of studies conducted at different places to investigate the influence of testing on teachers and teaching, textbooks, learners and learning, attitudes toward testing, test preparation behaviors, etc.. Some of these studies present the results of various investigations on the influence of a national English examination on the local English language teaching and learning due to its high-stakes nature in particular countries such as Brazil, China, Hong Kong, Iran, Israel, Japan, Romania, Sri Lanka, and Taiwan. Some others cover a wide range of worldwide investigation on English testing such as the IELTS, TOEFL, and MECC. Moreover, there is a complete report of several important projects appointed by major testing agencies such as Cambridge ESOL and Educational Testing Services (ETS) on washback and impact studies. The article proceeds by reviewing the relevant literature on test validation which is a key concept in language testing domain since it is concerned with test interpretation and use. This domain is characterized and enriched by studies of washback and impact

Organizational Pathology in Staff Department of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences based on Three-branch Model

Introduction: Pathology of organizations is one of the most key actions that make the university officials aware of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of an organization and allows these officials to take the right actions accordingly. Therefore, this study examined the pathology of human resources in staff departments of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Two hundred employees participated in this study. Random sampling was used and the data were collected by an organizational pathology questionnaire based on the three branch model. Data analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The results showed that behavioral factors (mean = 2.73) and contextual factors (mean= 3.34) had the highest and the lowest impacts on human resources malfunction in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Among subsets of structural factors, the payment system (average rank of 2.5, mean=2.21±0.72 and p-value ≤0.001), behavioral factors, and job security (mean rank = 2.03, mean=2.28±0.93 and p-value ≤0.001) and among subsets of contextual factors, customer-orientation (mean rank= 1.31, mean=3.07±0.70 and p-value 0.19) had the most impact on organizational pathology in this university. Conclusion: Considering that the behavioral factors had the greatest impact to the damages, it seems that the university has to adopt programs and policies in terms of creating appropriate organizational culture, increasing motivation and job satisfaction, adopting effective leadership, providing opportunities for training and development of employees and improving job security for the staff. Indeed, it is worth mentioning that solving some of these issues is beyond the powers of the executive organs, so solving these types of problems at macro-organizational level in the country is of vital importance

A Modified Formula for Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Based on Aphakic Refraction in a Pediatric Population

Purpose: To investigate and optimize the accuracy of aphakic refraction (AR) techniques for secondary intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in aphakic children.Methods: Thirty-three aphakic eyes of 18 patients who were candidates for secondary IOL implantation were enrolled in the present study. Axial length (AL) measured by optical biometry was used in the biometric formula (SRK-T, Holladay II, and Hoffer-Q). AR and spherical equivalent (SE) were used in two AR-based formulas (Ianchulev, Leccissotti). True power was calculated based on postoperative SE at three months’ follow-up. Results: Regarding the postoperative SE, 13 (40%) eyes were within ±1.00 diopters (D) and 22 (66%) were within ±2.00 D. Median absolute error (MedAE) was predicted to be 4.4 and 7.3 D with the use of Ianchulev and Leccissotti formulas, respectively. The corresponding value was 0.8 D with the biometric formula. All eyes were deemed to have myopic refraction when using the AR-based formulas except one eye with the Ianchulev formula. The coefficient of our modified formula was 1.7 instead of 2.01 in the Ianchulev formula. MedAE with the use of new formulae was 0.5 D and was comparable with the true IOL power (P = 0.22). Conclusion: Both Ianchulev and Leccissotti formulas resulted in a significant myopic surprise in aphakic children aged between 4.5 and 14 years. The modified formula proved to determine a more accurate SE that is comparable with biometric formulas

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions

DIFUSÃO DO QUADRO DO MET ALÉM DE SUAS FRONTEIRAS: A CONCILIAÇÃO COM AS NECESSIDADES DE TRADUTORES PROFISSIONAIS NÃO EUROPEUS

Intercultural communication has escalated social demand for translator training programs which has led to attempts to provide a proper educational basis for translator training. There is also a general agreement among scholars that there should be reconciliation between training and the actual translation world and the market. The EMT (European Master's in Translation) Competences Framework is the most comprehensive framework and is an improvement to previous models focusing on practice-oriented dimensions. However, this framework has been developed based primarily on the requirements of European professional translators. This study was conducted to look into the compatibility of the EMT framework with the needs of non-European professional translators. To this end, a total number of 177 participants from 34 nationalities and 21 languages participated in a questionnaire survey that explored the compatibility of the EMT framework competences with the needs of non-European professional translators. The results indicated that the most compatible components with non-European professional translators are the language, thematic, intercultural, translation service provision, information mining, and technological competences. The results obtained can provide insight for translator training program planners. La comunicación intercultural ha incrementado la demanda social por programas de formación de traductores y esto, a su vez, ha derivado en una serie de intentos para establecer una base formativa adecuada para la capacitación de los traductores. Existe, además, un consenso general entre los académicos en el sentido de que debe haber un acercamiento entre la capacitación y el mundo y el mercado reales de la traducción. El marco de referencia de competencias del EMT (Másteres europeos en traducción) es el marco más amplio existente y constituye una mejora con respeto a modelos anteriores que se centran en las dimensiones orientadas a la práctica. Sin embargo, este marco ha sido desarrollado sobre la base de los requisitos de los traductores profesionales europeos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo con el objeto de indagar sobre la compatibilidad del marco de referencia de EMT con las necesidades de los traductores profesionales no europeos. Con este fin, 177 participantes de 34 nacionalidades y 21 idiomas participaron en una encuesta que exploró la compatibilidad de las competencias del marco de referencia EMT con las necesidades de los traductores profesionales no europeos. Los resultados indicaron que los componentes más compatibles con los traductores profesionales no europeos son las competencias lingüística, temática, intercultural, de provisión de servicios de traducción, de búsqueda de información y tecnológica. A comunicação intercultural gerou uma demanda crescente por programas de formação de tradutores que decorreram em tentativas para provir uma base educativa apropriada para esse tipo de formação. Existe também o consenso geral entre os acadêmicos sobre a necessidade de conciliar a formação, a realidade atual do mundo da tradução e o mercado. O Quadro de Competências do Mestrado Europeu em Tradução é o mais abrangente e um avanço com relação a modelos anteriores focados nas dimensões orientadas à prática.  Contudo, este quadro baseia-se nas necessidades dos tradutores profissionais europeus. Este estudo pretende investigar a compatibilidade do quadro do MET com as necessidades de tradutores profissionais não europeus. Para isso, um total de 177 participantes de 34 nacionalidades e de 21 línguas responderam um questionário para perceber a compatibilidade das competências do quadro do MET com as necessidades de tradutores profissionais não europeus. Os resultados apontam que os componentes mais compatíveis com os dos tradutores profissionais não europeus são a competência linguística, a competência temática, a competência intercultural, a competência para oferecer serviços de tradução, a competência sobre informação sobre mineração, e a competência tecnológica, respetivamente. Os resultados obtidos podem oferecer uma perspectiva para a elaboração de cursos de formação de tradutores

Awareness, Attitude and Performance of Nurses in Affiliated Hospitals of Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Iran, about Principles of Universal Precautions

Background: Indentifying influential factors on the wellbeing of health personnel plays a significant role in the promotion of effectiveness and outcomes of health systems. This study aimed to determine the awareness, attitude and performance of nurses regarding principles of universal precautions. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the data were obtained through a questionnaire. The study sample was all of the nurses at Zabol, Iran, hospitals in 2010. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire was approved in a pilot study. Knowledge, attitude and performance scores were categorized as weak, average and good. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, Student’s t, chi-square and Fisher’s exact test. Results: The mean awareness score of 39.1% of the nurses was average, and of the rest (60.9%) was good. The attitude score of 10.4% of nurses was average and 89.6% had a good attitude toward comprehensive precautionary principles. The performance score was weak in 13.9%, average in 68.7%, and satisfactory in only 17.4% of the nurses. There was no significant relationship between age, gender and work experiences with awareness, attitude and performance of nurses; but, there was a significant relationship (P < 0.05) between performance and the serving hospitals. Conclusions: Despite good awareness and attitude of nurses regarding comprehensive precautionary principles, their performance was weak. So, official’s attention should become more in performing training classes and continuous educational courses. Keywords: Awareness, Attitude, Performance, Nurses, Comprehensive precautionary principle

Scolopendrellopsis persicus Scheller, n. sp.

&lt;i&gt;Scolopendrellopsis persicus&lt;/i&gt; Scheller n. sp. &lt;p&gt;Figs 1 &ndash;7&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Type locality.&lt;/b&gt; Iran, Esfahan Province, Shareza, 32 &lt;b&gt;&ring;&lt;/b&gt; 0 3ʹ43.79ʺN 51 &lt;b&gt;&ring;&lt;/b&gt; 50ʺ33.61ʺE.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Type specimen.&lt;/b&gt; Holotype. ad(Ƥ),, 12 Mars 2009, leg. M.R. Kavianpour. - 1 specimen.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;S. persicus&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;n. sp.&lt;/b&gt; may be closest to the wide-spread &lt;i&gt;S. subnuda&lt;/i&gt; (Hansen, 1903) but the new species has fewer head setae and thinner central rod. Good distinguishing characters are the shape of the central rod of the head, very thin in &lt;i&gt;S. persicus&lt;/i&gt;, distinct in &lt;i&gt;S. subnuda&lt;/i&gt;, the shape of the post-antennal organs, ovoid in &lt;i&gt;S. persicus&lt;/i&gt;, not subspherical, the shape of the posterior appendages of the tergites II and III, more slender in &lt;i&gt;S. persicus&lt;/i&gt; than in &lt;i&gt;S. subnuda&lt;/i&gt; and the cerci are more setose in &lt;i&gt;S. persicus&lt;/i&gt; than in &lt;i&gt;S. subnuda.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Derivation of name.&lt;/b&gt; From the Latin &lt;i&gt;persicus&lt;/i&gt; = Persian (referring to the position of the collecting site).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description&lt;/b&gt; (by first author). &lt;i&gt;Length&lt;/i&gt;. 1.55 mm.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Head&lt;/i&gt;. Longish, 1.4 times as long as broad, with broadest part at articulation points of the mandibles, which are concealed under margins of head. Posterior part of central rod thin but distinct, 1.1 times as long as much thinner anterior part; frontal and median branches lacking. Dorsal side of head sparsely setose, setae thin, short, of subequal length. Diameter of post-antennal organ 0.5 of greatest diameter of 3rd antennal segment, entrance tube very short. Palp of first maxilla bud-like with one point only, 1.7 times as long as the greatest diameter. Cuticle of central and posterior part of dorsal side of the head almost glabrous, anterolateral part between post-antennal organ and margin of head with rounded granules.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Antennae&lt;/i&gt;. 0.1 of the length of the body, both 16 segments. First segment cylindrical, thinner than following segments, 1.1 times as long as greatest diameter; setae in one whorl, inner setae longer than outer ones, longest seta &frac14; of the length of the greatest segment diameter. Second segment about as long as wide with seven setae evenly spaced around the segment, inner setae distinctly longer than outer setae. Chaetotaxy of 3rd segment as on preceding one. Setae longest on proximal segments, longest of them ~3 times longer than longest setae on distal segments. Proximal and median parts of the antennae with only primary whorl of setae, a secondary whorl in median and subdistal part but never complete. Circular sensory organs on dorsal side of segments 11 and 12, bladder-shaped organs on segments 13-15; small spined organs on dorsal side (but most of them hidden under foreign particles). Apical segment subspherical with wide connection to preceding segment. All segments with short pubescence.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Trunk&lt;/i&gt;. Twenty-one dorsal tergites and subtergites. 1st tergite rudimentary with 6 thin setae in one transversal row. 2nd tergite entire complete, broader than long, with two narrow posterior extensions, these about as long as the tergite; tergite almost glabrous, short pubescence on margins of the posterior extensions. Anterior part with 8 setae, each extension with one apical seta only. 3rd tergite entire but with anterolateral indentations; anterior part with 6 setae in a transversal row, posterior part with two posteriorly directed extensions, these 2.5 times as long as the breadth at base, length 0.6 of interdistance; posterior part with an anterior transversal row of setae and three setae in connection with the extensions as on preceding segment. Thirteen tergites with paired posterior extensions, the latter longest on anterior tergites, length of extensions 0.3 of interdistance on tergite XIV. No seta between apical and inner basal setae. Tergites almost glabrous. Anterolateral setae not larger than other setae.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Legs&lt;/i&gt;. First pair of legs short, 3-segmented: tarsus about as broad as long with two almost straight claws, at least three short setae, pubescence indistinct. Tarsus of last pair of legs 2.6 times as long as greatest diameter, four dorsal setae, long protruding, longest seta as long as the greatest diameter of tarsus, two shorter ventral setae distally: anterior claw longest and with broader base than posterior claw, the former 1.2 times as long as the latter and as long as the diameter of tarsus. Tibia 1.3 times as long as wide with at least three setae. All legs with sparse but distinct pubescence.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Habitat&lt;/i&gt;. Garden with pomegranate trees and grape vines, in soil.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Scheller, Ulf, Kavianpour, Mohammad Reza &amp; Esfandiari, Mehdi, 2011, First record of Symphyla (Myriapoda) from Iran, with description of a new species in Scolopendrellopsis (Scolopendrellidae), pp. 66-68 in Zootaxa 3041&lt;/i&gt; on pages 66-68, DOI: &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/202335"&gt;10.5281/zenodo.202335&lt;/a&gt

An evaluation of the EMT: Compatibility with the professional translator’s needs

Appeal towards training translators as a sector in translation studies has had a dramatic increase throughout the past decade due to the needs for intercultural communication. Consequently, translator training institutes have multiplied and translation scholars’ concern for providing a sound educational basis is realizable. Having reviewed the several translation competences models proposed by translation scholars, it seems that the EMT (European Master’s in Translation) framework is known as the most successful. However, due to the criticisms of the EMT model encompassing the exclusion of the professional translators’ views and their real-world needs in the market, the present study seeks to report the professional translators’ insights on the compatibility of this framework with their needs. This study adopted a descriptive-survey approach using stratified sampling technique. The instrument for this study included a five-point likert-scale translation competences questionnaire. The participants of this study were selected through a list of the professional translators of Proz.com (the selection criteria was having more than five years of experience). A total number of 700 questionnaires were randomly distributed among which 456 respondents replied through the Limesurvey website. The findings revealed that the “language competence”, “thematic competence” and “intercultural competence” were the three highest ranks in the category followed by the “Translation service provision competence”, “Information mining competence” and “Technological competence”. Focusing on the most compatible competences, the educational systems for translator training can establish a link between educating the future translators and the perceived needs in the translation market. University training should concentrate on training the students who acquire a high level of linguistic competence, knowledge of the subject matter, and the cultural knowledge of both source and target language