L’Epidémie des démagogues ?

Démagogue : politicien qui flatte les masses pour gagner et exploiter leur faveur. La critique de la société bourgeoise de la fin du XIXème siècle qui était égoïste, démagogue et qui pouvait changer son discours idéologique et politique en fonction des circonstances et toujours avec l'unique but de son profit personnel, est le sujet principal dans l'œuvre L'Épidémie représentée par le théâtre universitaire du 23 au 25 novembre à la faculté des lettres de Besançon…Une question s'impose : exist..

The global carbon budget and the Paris agreement

Purpose–The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of global carbon budget (GCB) as akey concept that should be introduced as a reference when countries formulate their mitigation contributionsin the context of the Paris Agreement and in all the monitoring, reporting and verification processes that mustbe implemented according to the decisions of the Paris Summit.Design/methodology/approach–A method based on carbon budget accounting is used to analyze theintended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) submitted by the 15 countries that currently head theranking of global emissions. Moreover, these INDCs are analyzed and compared with each other. Sometimes,inadequate methodologies and a diverse level of ambition in the formulated targets are observed.Findings–It is found that the INDCs of those 15 countries alone imply the release into the atmosphere of 84per cent of the GCB for the period 2011-2030, and 40 per cent of the GCB available until the end of the century.Originality/value–This is thefirst time the INDCs of the top 15 emitters are analyzed. It is also thefirstanalysis made using the GCB approach. This paper suggests methodological changes in the way that thefuture NDCs might be formulated.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Analysis of sealing vs tensile bond strength of eight adheisve restorative material systems

Purpose: Using a simulated perfusion system, the intent was to determine: 1) the sealing ability of eight restorative materials (five composite resins and three compomers) used together with their corresponding dentin bonding systems, 2) their tensile bond strength, and 3) the correlation (if any) between both parameters. Materials and Methods: Permeability in crown segments from sound human third molars (n = 140) subjected to simulated perfusion (32 cm of distilled water) was measured before and after restoring with each material, and the percentage of decrease in permeability ((PPD) was recorded. Specimens were tater subjected to tensile tests to determine the tensile bond strength (TBS) of the interface. Finally, parameters were analyzed for correlation. Results: For the eight adhesive systems, the percentage of reduction in permeability was relatively hlgh [mean in %, (SD)]: F2000 93.6 (5.7),S B188.6 (11.31,S SC 86.0 (5.7), PB20 81.1 (15.9)C,O M 77.5 (10.8), OPTS 75.3 (20.6)D,Y R 73.7 (12.7)S,S PR 65.5 (19.8)T.B S values were relatively low [mean (SD)], in MPa: F2000 1.8 (0.71, SB1 4.9 (1.4)S,S C 2.6 (1.4), PB20 4.3 (1.21,C OM 2.4 {1.1),O PTS 4.5 (1.7)D,Y R L6 (0.6), SSPR.4.2 (1.5). We could not demonstrate any statistically significant correlation between both parameters for these results (maximum significance [F20001: r = 0.39, p = 0.206). Conclusion: No material completely ceased to filtrate through the interface. The low TBS values were probably due to the large size of adhesive areas. No significant correlation was found between PPD and TBS for the materials tested. There was a statistically significant relationship (r2 = 0.063, p = 0.018) between TBS and TEA (total bonded area), described by the equation TBS = 5.9 - 0.03'TBA

Sealing and dentin bond strength of adhesive systems in selected areas of perfused teeth

Objectives: (1) Test the sealing capacity and tensile strength of various adhesive systems: Scotch Bond 1 (Single Bond in USA)(SB1) + Z100, Syntac Sprint (SYN) + Tetric Ceram, Prime and Bond 2.1 (PB21) + TPH Spectrum, F2000 (Adhesive 1 Compomer) (F2000) and Optibond Solo (OPT) + Prodigy, to perfused teeth (30 cm distilled H2O), in select areas. (2) Determine the relationship between sealing ability and size of adhesive area (BA) with tensile strength (TS). Methods: Segments of human third molars (n=67) sealed with amalgam on their coronal side were connected to a perfusion system (30 cm distilled H2O), to measure the basal permeability. Access cavities were drilled through the amalgam to expose dentin (area range: 8.7±20.8 mm2) and measure the permeability of that area. Cavities were sealed with one of the test materials and permeability measured prior to tensile testing. The percentage of decrease in permeability (PPD) that occurred with the different combinations of materials was also measured. Results. Tensile strength: there were no statistically signi®cant differences among groups. Permeability: ANOVA showed that there were statistically signi®cant differences in the mean % decrease in permeability (PPD) among groups (p= 0:018): Student-Newman-Keuls test (p=0:05) detected that the mean PPD of F2000 ranked statistically higher than that of SB1. Relationship among variables: a linear correlation was found defined by the formula TS= 7:47+ 0:008·PPD - 0:23·BA; with a significance of the model p=0.0097. Significance: None of the materials studied reduced permeability up to 100%. They all produced low tensile bond strengths (maximum mean value of groups: 5.51 MPa (OPT))

Química Verde: trabajo de laboratorio en la Microescala

Actualmente, los estudiantes de cualquier ámbito, y en especial en la Educación Superior, deben tender a formarse en las diferentes disciplinas dentro del marco de un aprendizaje integral que contemple amplios criterios de responsabilidad ética, cívica y medioambiental. Desde esta perspectiva, el profesorado debe comprometerse a ofrecer los recursos necesarios y la información adecuada para una plena concienciación del estudiante en temas de materia medioambiental para un desarrollo sostenible. Ambas facetas se contemplan en los estudios conducentes a la obtención del Grado en Química de la Universidad de Alicante mediante la impartición de diferentes asignaturas tanto obligatorias como optativas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es aumentar las posibilidades de concienciación de los estudiantes en estas materias por medio de la realización de prácticas instrumentales en el Grado en Química bajo los criterios de “Química Verde” y “Trabajo en la Microescala”. Como ejemplo se muestra la adaptación de una práctica convencional, elegida entre las que cumplen los requisitos de la Química Verde, para su realización a microescala. Esta adaptación, además de cumplir con los fines formativos ya mencionados, disminuye los costes económicos asociados tanto al consumo de reactivos como a la generación de residuos

Distributing the global carbon budget with climate justice criteria

In this paper, a model for the distribution of the Global Carbon Budget between the countries of the world is presented. The model is based on the criteria of equity while also taking into account the different historical responsibilities. The Global Carbon Budget corresponds to the quantity of carbon dioxide emissions that can still be released into the atmosphere while maintaining the increase in the average earth surface temperature below 2 °C, and it is therefore compatible with the long-term objective defined in the Paris Agreement. The results of applying the model are shown both for the 15 emitters that currently top the ranking for world emissions as well as for the other countries, which are grouped together in three main groups: Other African, Other Latin American and Caribbean, and the Rest of the World. Mitigation curves compatible with the carbon budget allocated to the different countries are presented. When comparing each emitter’s historical emissions for the period 1971–2010 with the proposed distribution for the period 2011–2050 obtained using the model, it can be seen that developed countries must face the future with a greatly reduced carbon budget, whereas developing countries can make use of a carbon budget that is higher than their cumulative historical emissions. Finally, there is a discussion about how a model with these characteristics could be useful when implementing the Paris Agreement.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Refining the scalar and tensor contributions in τ→πππντ\tau\to \pi\pi\pi\nu_\tau decays

In this article we analyze the contribution from intermediate spin-0 and spin-2 resonances to the $\tau\to\nu \pi\pi\pi$ decay by means of a chiral invariant Lagrangian incorporating these mesons. In particular, we study the corresponding axial-vector form-factors. The advantage of this procedure with respect to previous analyses is that it incorporates chiral (and isospin) invariance and, hence, the partial conservation of the axial-vector current. This ensures the recovery of the right low-energy limit, described by chiral perturbation theory, and the transversality of the current in the chiral limit at all energies. Furthermore, the meson form-factors are further improved by requiring appropriate QCD high-energy conditions. We end up with a brief discussion on its implementation in the Tauola Monte Carlo and the prospects for future analyses of Belle's data.Comment: 32 pages, 13 figures. Extended discussion on the numerical importance of the tensor and scalar resonances and the parametrization of the scalar propagator. Version published in JHE

Tissue Distribution of Oleocanthal and Its Metabolites after Oral Ingestion in Rats

Claims for the potential health benefits of oleocanthal (OLC), a dietary phenolic compound found in olive oil, are based mainly on in vitro studies. Little is known about the tissue availability of OLC, which is rapidly metabolized after ingestion. In this study, the distribution of OLC and its metabolites in rat plasma and tissues (stomach, intestine, liver, kidney, spleen, lungs, heart, brain, thyroid and skin) at 1, 2 and 4.5 h after the acute intake of a refined olive oil containing 0.3 mg/mL of OLC was examined by LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS. OLC was only detected in the stomach and intestine samples. Moreover, at 2 and 4.5 h, the concentration in the stomach decreased by 36% and 74%, respectively, and in the intestine by 16% and 33%, respectively. Ten OLC metabolites arising from phase I and phase II reactions were identified. The metabolites were widely distributed in rat tissues, and the most important metabolizing organs were the small intestine and liver. The two main circulating metabolites were the conjugates OLC + OH + CH3 and OLC + H2O + glucuronic acid, which may significantly contribute to the beneficial health effects associated with the regular consumption of extra virgin olive oil. However, more studies are necessary to determine the concentrations and molecular structures of OLC metabolites in human plasma and tissues when consumed with the presence of other phenolic compunds present in EVOO. Keywords: LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap; bioaccumulation; extra virgin olive oil; metabolism; polyphenols