How can leaders develop and maintain high achieving elementary schools? A single case study exploring collective teacher efficacy, principal leadership, and high reliability organization principles

2021 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.With the issue of student achievement at the core of educational policy, it is essential to determine how to create school environments in which all students achieve. Research indicates collective teacher efficacy is a primary factor affecting student achievement, yet educational research also points to the importance of principal leadership in fostering and maintaining school cultures of success. Furthermore, it seems there are lessons to be learned from looking beyond the scope of educational literature into organizational learning as a way to engage in systematic decision making. Though collective teacher efficacy and principal leadership have been the primary focus of such research, employing high reliability organization principles is an emerging area of educational research. The included sections serve to review the literature across collective teacher efficacy, principal leadership, and high reliability organization principles within a systems thinking approach; critically analyze and employ research methods from scholars in the field of education; and link theory to practice while grappling with the issue of student achievement in a complex educational context. A QUAL+quan mixed methods approach guided the research to explore teacher and principal perceptions of collective teacher efficacy, examine leadership actions to foster collective teacher efficacy among staff, and link leadership actions to high reliability organization principles

Chelydra serpentina

Number of Pages: 4Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Price Indexes for Acute Phase Treatment of Depression

Although broad trends in medical spending in the U.S. over the last decade have received widespread attention from policymakers, very little attention has focused on the components of those changes. For many other industries, economists typically divide nominal expenditures by an official government price index to decompose these expenditures into price and quantity components. In this paper we construct a new price index for the treatment of one illness depression. Making use of results from the published clinical literature and from official treatment guideline standards, we identify therapeutically similar treatment bundles. These bundles can then be linked and weighted to construct price indexes for specific forms of major depression. In doing so, we construct CPI and PPI-like medical price indexes that deal with prices of treatment episodes rather than prices of discrete inputs, that are based on transaction rather than list prices, that take quality changes and expected outcomes into account employ current, time-varying expenditure weights in the aggregation computations. We find that regardless of which index number procedure is employed time period the treatment price index for the acute phase of major depression has hardly changed remaining at 1.00 or falling slightly to around 0.97. This index grows considerably less rapidly than the various official PPIs -- thus the price index for the treatment of the acute phase of major depression has fallen over the 1991-95 time period. A hedonic approach to price index measurement yields broadly similar results. These results imply that given a budget for treatment of depression accomplished in 1995 than in 1991. Our results suggest that at least in the case of acute phase major depression, aggregate spending increases are due to a larger number of effective treatments being provided.

Accounting Profession in the Netherlands; Professional Accounting in Foreign Country Series

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_guides/1687/thumbnail.jp

The Regional Response to Federal Funding for Bicycle and Pedestrian Projects

Examines the efficacy of federal funding for non-motorized modes of transportation based on funding patterns across metropolitan regions, case studies of policies and projects, and an analysis of the funding's impact on bicycling and walking behavior

The Medical Treatment of Depression, 1991-1996: Productive Inefficiency, Expected Outcome Variations, and Price Indexes

We examine the price of treating episodes of acute phase major depression over the 1991-1996 time period. We combine data from a large retrospective medical claims data base (MarketScanTM, from the MedStat Group) with clinical literature and expert clinical opinion elicited from a two-state Delphi procedure. This enables us to construct a variety of treatment price indexes that include variations over time in the proportion of off-frontier' production, as well as the corresponding variations in expected treatment outcomes. We also incorporate the fact that the no treatment option ( waiting list') frequently results in spontaneous remission of depressive symptoms. We find that in general the incremental cost of successfully treating an episode of acute phase major depression has generally fallen over the 1991-96 time period. Based on hedonic regression equations that account for the effects of changing patient mix, we find price reductions that range from about -1.66% to -2.13% per year. An implication of this is that, since expenditures on depression are thought to be increasing since at least 1991, the source of the spending increases is volume (quantity) increases, and not price increases.

A New Framework for Network Disruption

Traditional network disruption approaches focus on disconnecting or lengthening paths in the network. We present a new framework for network disruption that attempts to reroute flow through critical vertices via vertex deletion, under the assumption that this will render those vertices vulnerable to future attacks. We define the load on a critical vertex to be the number of paths in the network that must flow through the vertex. We present graph-theoretic and computational techniques to maximize this load, firstly by removing either a single vertex from the network, secondly by removing a subset of vertices.Comment: Submitted for peer review on September 13, 201

Volume and value equations for young-growth red, white, and grand fir

Both public agencies and private industry are concerned with how timber is appraised for sale. An important part of the appraisal is estimating the lumber volume and value of standing timber. A system which accurately estimates the volume and value of young-growth true fir is needed. This study uses existing data on three true fir species (red fir; Abies magnifica var. shastensis Lemm., white fir; Abies concolor (Dougl.)Lindl., and grand fir; Abies grandis (Gord. and Glend.)Lindl.) in northern California, southern Oregon, and Idaho to develop equations which predict lumber volume and value. Lumber volume was originally separated into gross volume, defective volume, and recovery. Defective volume could not be modeled with the information available. Recovery and gross volume were modeled separately. Two methods were used to model lumber value, the first predicted the volume of lumber found in each of three grades, and the second predicted an indexed value developed from the relative prices of the three grades. The final equations which accurately predict lumber volume and value for both mill specific and non-mill specific users are given. Accuracy and bias statistics are also shown from testing on an independent data set