Comparison of Use of Isoflurane or Sevoflurane for Anaesthesia Induced by Mask in Calves

Background: Inhalation anaesthesia is an effective and reliable general anaesthesia method for inactivity, analgesia, and unconsciousness in extensive surgical procedures. Although widely used, especially in small animals, there are very few studies investigated the reliability and superiority of inhalation anaesthesia in surgical procedures for ruminants. This study intended to evaluate the anaesthetic effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane in different surgical cases with endotracheal intubation following the induction of anaesthesia using a calve-specific facemask, which is not yet a routine option in cattle.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted on 14 calves, from new-born up to 3 months-old, that undergoing various surgical operations. The animals were divided into isoflurane and sevoflurane groups, and each group contained 7 animals. In all cases, atropine (0.04 mg/kg was administered intramusculer as premedication before 15 min from anaesthesia induction. For induction, the anaesthetic agent was given at an inspiratory concentration of 3-5% in the isoflurane group and at an inspiratory concentration of 5 - 7% in the sevoflurane group during 5 min via mask at 15min after atropine administration. In both groups, endotracheal intubation was performed (about 1-3 min) after of general anaesthesia symptoms starting. At 5min after induction, anaesthesia was continued at 1.5 - 3% in the isoflurane group and at 2.5 - 4% in the sevoflurane group during operation. The animals were monitored during anaesthesia and,  anaesthetic effect, reaction of the calve, pronounced side effects, Heart Rate (HR), Systolic Arterial Blood Pressure (SABP), Diastolic Arterial Blood Pressure (DABP), Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP), Respiration Rate (RR), Pulse Rate (PR), Arterial Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) were recorded at before anaesthesia, the premedication period, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90min of anaesthesia. During anaesthesia, from the clinical parameters, mucosal capillary refilling time was evaluated by applying finger pressure to the oral mucosa. Mucous membrane color was determined by observing the oral mucosa. The time for palpebral reflex and swallowing reflex disappearance was measured and processed into individual forms. Anaesthesia induction and reanimation times were determined and recorded in the forms. After the operation, the return of the swallowing reflex and the time to stand up were recorded. During the operation, urination, defecation, salivation, vomiting, animal reactions, the shape and duration of the reamination period were recorded. In the isoflurane group anaesthesia induction was 3.71 ± 0.28 min, head movements started and came to the sterno- abdominal position at 4.57 ± 0.36 min, got up at 8.71 ± 0.42 min without assistance, meanwhile. In sevoflurane group, anaesthesia induction was 2.57 ± 0.20 min, head movements started and came to the sterno- abdominal position at 3.86 ± 0.40 min, the time to stand up was determined as 6.43 ± 0.29 min. During anaesthesia, HR, SABP, DABP, MABP, RR, PR, SpO2 findings were within physiological acceptable limits in 2 groups. In terms of indicators, there were no obvious differences in either group. The results revealed no significant difference between groups during anaesthesia.Discussion: The isoflurane and sevoflurane anaesthesia used in this study provided an adequate anaesthetic effect in calves characterized by adequate analgesia and muscle relaxation without any complications. The results of our study revealed that there was no significant difference between isoflurane and sevoflurane in calves. Both anaesthetic agents can be used safely for general anaesthesia in calves

The Evaluation of Pullout Tests of An Expandable Newly Designed Screw

Biomechanical evaluation of pullout forces of newly designed cortical screws with openable tips was done in the tibia bone of the young bulls. Newly designed expandable titanium 14 cortical screws with openable tips were inserted in fresh tibia bone. Of these screws, 7 were used as controls. The bones were fixed with polymethylmethacrylate after the insertion of the screws. Screw heads were attached to a custom device and prepared for pullout tests. The elastic modulus values (Newton/mm(2)), yield forces (Newton) and maximum forces (Newton) of expandable and control groups were assessed. The median of yield forces (Newton) of expandable cortical screw group was found to be statistically higher than that of normal group (P=0.025). The median of maximum forces of expandable cortical screw group was found to be significantly higher than that of normal group (P=0.003). In the comparison of paired groups, it was found that the pullout forces of expandable cortical screws were significantly superior to that of normal control group. In the light of these results, it was concluded that such kind of newly designed screws are able to contribute to fracture fixation in the future, allowing more bone contact without enlarging the diameter of the screw

Protective Effects of Betanin against Oxidative Stress in a Peripheral Artery Vasospasm Model in Rat

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine protective/modulatory effects of betanin in a femoral artery vasospasm model in rats. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. Group 1: sham (n = 7), group 2: vasospasm model only (n = 7), group 3: postoperative betanin treatment in the vasospasm model (n = 7). 100 mg/kg betanin was administered orally to group 3 for 7 days, postoperatively. Peripheral blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured for the quantification of oxidative stress, lumen diameter and wall thickness of femoral artery segments were determined to assess vasodilator effects of betanin. Results: Femoral artery vasospasm formation significantly increased both MDA (13.54 ± 3.09 mmol/mL) and NO levels (0.61 ± 0.06 µmol/mL) relative to the sham (9.07 ± 1.09 and 0.48 ± 0.1, respectively). Upon betanin administration, both MDA and NO approached baseline levels (9.95 ± 0.92 and 0.5 ± 0.06, respectively). Pathological examination of lumen diameter and wall thickness of the femoral arteries also revealed that betanin administration resulted in significant increase in lumen diameter when compared to vasospasm group (614.15 ± 245.77 versus 117.40 ± 46.19 µm) and decrease in wall thickness (64.68 ± 14.13 versus 96.73 ± 9.20 µm). Conclusion: Betanin was shown to have protective effect against oxidative stress in a peripheral artery vasospasm model in rats. It may also have a role in mitigating maladaptive changes in arterial structure, as shown in pathological examination

Evaluation of the Effects of Holes of Various Sizes on Fracture Rates in Sheep Femurs

Defects in long bones are known to lead to increased risk of pathologic fracture. Holes weaken bones and increase the risk of fracture during bending, especially on exposure to torsional forces. Here, we investigated the effect of holes of varying numbers and sizes drilled into sheep femur bones on the resistance of the bone to torsional forces. Ninety-six fresh sheep femur bones were allocated to 8 groups, which were further subdivided into 4 groups of 3 bones each. In each group, 1 to 4 holes ranging from 2 to 5.5 mm were drilled into the femurs, and the bones were subjected to a rotation test. Forces that caused fractures and the force curves were measured and recorded. The effect of the number and size of the holes drilled in the femurs on the occurrence of fractures was compared using two-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's multiple comparison test was used for multiple comparisons. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We found that the resistance of a bone to torsional forces decreased significantly with increase in the number and size of the drilled holes (P < 0.001). The rate of fractures increased as the number and sizes of the holes increased. The resistance of the bones to torsional forces decreased as the number of holes increased. We showed that the size of a defect in a bone is extremely important for torsional resistance and is, in fact, more important than the number of defects

Effect of Bovine Corpus Vitreum on Full-thickness Dermal Wound Healing: An Experimental Study in Rats

In this study, the effects of bovine corpus vitreum on wound healing were examined macroscopically and histopathologically. The study was carried out on 28 adult rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 150-300 g. Using general anesthesia, two separate wound excisions of 1 cm in diameter were formed in the right and left back halves of all rats. In the control group, the wound care was performed only by dripping serum over the wound daily. In the study group, the corpus vitreum obtained from newly cut healthy cows in the slaughterhouse was applied to the wound surface. All injuries were photographed using digital camera on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 and wound surface areas were compared. At the end of the first and second weeks, tissue samples taken from wound beds were examined histopathologically and the results were evaluated statistically. According to the wound surface area measurements and histopathologic results, corpus vitreum was found to have a positive effect on wound healing and a faster and more regular healing was achieved in the wounds compared to the control group

Determination of Some Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers in Serum, Blood and CSF in Cattle with Head-Eye Form of Malignant Catarrhal Fever

The aim of this study was to determine changes in total sialic acid (TSA), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels on sera and CSF and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels on blood in cattle with Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF). For this purpose 17 cattle which clinically diagnosed "head-eye form" of MCF and clinically healthy 10 cattle were evaluated. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were taken from the animals on the MCF diagnosed group MDA, GSH, NO, eNOS, iNOS, and TSA values were 25.65 +/- 0.42 mu mol/L, 37.21 +/- 1.12 mg/dL, 30.61 +/- 0.41 mu mol L, 4.05 +/- 0.09 U/L and 10.98 +/- 0.35 U/L, 88.33 +/- 1.03 mg/dL, on the control group 13.77 +/- 0.55 mu mol/ L, 60.06 +/- 1.73 mg/dL, 11.27 +/- 0.4 mu mol/ L, 3.12 +/- 0.18 U/L, 5.55 +/- 0.3 U/L and 63.60 +/- 1.86 mg/dL respectively, and all parameter changes between the groups were determined to be statistically significant (P< 0.001). On the CSF, no statistically significant difference between taken from MCF diagnosed group and healthy group. NO value and iNOS activity obtained from control groups CSF were relatively higher than the same group's serum whereas eNOS activities were found to be low. The study group consisting of MCF diagnosed cattle's serum were found to have NO value, eNOS and iNOS activities relatively higher than the same group's CSF values. As a result, it was concluded that there is a need for more comprehensive studies for better understanding the reason of failure to obtain the significant changes of animals diagnosed MCF that determine in blood but not in CSF