Nonextremal black holes are BPS

Extremal charged black holes are BPS solutions. It is commonly thought that their nonextremal counterparts are not. Further, experience with BPS solutions in flat spacetime suggests that all BPS solutions are supersymmetric; i.e. that they are invariant under some supersymmetry charges of either the original field theory or an appropriately extended version thereof. Using nonextremal Reissner-Nordstr\"om black holes as counterexamples, we show that neither of these expectations is universally valid. These black holes correspond to a one-parameter family of BPS solutions. By showing that, subject to one very plausible assumption, no generalized Killing spinor can be constructed for these, we show that there is no supergravity theory for which these BPS solutions preserve a fraction of the supersymmetry, nor is there an associated Witten-Nester positive energy bound.Comment: LaTeX, 15 pages. v2 Discussion in sec 2.3 amended, small corrections, reference added. v3 (PRD version) Clarifications, corrections and references added. Section 3.2 partly rewritten and expanded, and assumption clarifie

ANALISIS YURIDIS TERHADAP PENEGAKAN HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI TERHADAP PENENTUAN KERUGIAN KEUANGAN NEGARA (STUDI PUTUSAN NO.1596 K/PID.SUS/2013)

Returning losses from the proceeds of corruption will make the perpetrator unable to enjoy the results of his actions. This can be done by seizing certain items obtained or produced in a criminal act as a criminal in carrying out the principle of the life of the nation and state. Basically, state losses occur if the achievements received by the state are less than the money paid by the state. The research method in this thesis is a normative legal research method, namely by conducting library research namely research conducted by examining library materials, especially laws and legal literature relating to problems. The source of data used in this thesis is in the form of prier legal material and or secondary legal material that has to do with qualitative problems, namely what is obtained from research in the field is studied in a comprehensive and comprehensive manner. "State finances or economy" has been explained as discussed in Article 2 of Law Number 31 of 1999 jo Act Number 20 of 2001. Whereas the word "can" actually gives flexibility to the Prosecutor / Public Prosecutor does not have to prove an element of loss " financial / economic state "because corruption is a formal offense, namely the existence of criminal acts of corruption enough to fulfill the elements of corruption, enough to fulfill the elements of actions that have been formulated not by the emergence of consequences. The formulation of the provisions of Article 3 of Act Number 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law 20 of 2001 is almost identical to the provisions of Article 1 paragraph (1) sub b of Act Number 3 of 1971. only difference is the provisions of Article 3 of Law Number 31 In 1999 jo Law No. 20 of 2001 included elements of "corporation" in it

Weathering the Next Recession: How Prepared Are US States?

Rainy day funds are one tool that most US states use to help mitigate the fiscal stress caused by economic slowdowns that reduce state government revenue. Past research by Wagner and Elder (2007b) uses a switching regression to estimate parameters in order to form a distribution of potential budget shortfalls for each state. This paper updates those results to include post–Great Recession data. A comparison of this distribution to the actual amount of savings that states have accumulated allows an assessment of how prepared each state is for an economic downturn and the resulting decline in tax revenues.

A comprehensive study of nano-scale grain boundary channels in fracture cements using scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy

Natural fractures in shale reservoirs are frequently filled with mineral cement that lack any residual fracture porosity visible under the petrographic microscope and are generally interpreted to be impermeable to fluid flow. Scanning electron microscopy of calcite, dolomite, quartz, and barite fracture cements from a variety of shale and low-permeability sandstone formations, prepared using broad ion beam milling, provides evidence of open to partially healed elongate pores that are on the order of hundreds of nanometers in aperture. In calcite, dolomite, quartz, and barite fracture cements, these pores have apertures of about 10-400 nm. In quartz fracture cements that have experienced low grade metamorphic temperatures in excess of 250°C, they are up to 600 nm. These pores have been previously overlooked because traditional thin sectioning and polishing destroys sub-micron details of the fracture cement pore structure. Ion milling preserves these details. Electron backscatter diffraction shows that these pores occur along most grain boundaries within the blocky or columnar fracture cement. Mineral cement crystal faces are rarely faceted on the nano-to-micrometer scale, but contain varying degrees of roughness with distinct morphologies. Pores tend to increase in aperture with increasing maximum formation temperature, indicating dissolution-precipitation kinetics strongly influences grain boundary structure. Stress relaxation from formation exhumation may also favor wider channel apertures, evidenced by a trend of wider apertures with increased distance of exhumation. HRTEM analysis shows different crystallographic domains with possible amorphous regions bridging across grain boundary channels, demonstrating that these channels are complex structures, contrasting the conventional view of diagenetic cement grain boundaries as simple crystallographic dislocations or discontinuities. I propose a model of dissolution-precipitation along grain boundaries that preserves NGBC ubiquitously in carbonate and quartz fracture cements that have experienced diagenetic and low-grade metamorphic conditions. While partially healed, these pores are frequently well connected and have strong implications for understanding flow through matrix cements of low permeability reservoirs. They may act as conduits for fluid flow along and across fully cemented natural fractures. When their effects are considered, they may universally increase estimates of formation permeability of low permeability formations containing cemented fractures.Geological Science

TINDAK PIDANA PEMALSUAN AKTA AUTENTIK BERDASARKAN KUHP

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana syarat akta notaris sebagai alat bukti dan akta autentik dan bagaimana penerapan sanksi tindak pidana pemalsuan akta autentik berdasarkan KUHP.  Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, disimpulkan: 1. Akta yang dibuat di hadapan notaris bentuk dan formatnya telah ditentukan oleh undang-undang jabatan notaris, yang memuat identitas para pihak atau bagi para penghadap, juga mencantumkan identitas dan kedudukan notaris, notaris sebagai pejabat publik, mempunyai kewenangan membuat akta (notaris); dan akta tersebut sebagai alat bukti yang mempunyai kekuatan pembuktian yang sempurna. Akta-akta notaris yang dibuat dengan prosedur yang benar tidak dapat dibatalkan; fungsi notaris sebagai pejabat publik hanya mencatat (menulis) apa-apa yang dikehendaki dan dikemukakan oleh para pihak yang menghadap notaris, tidak ada kewajiban bagi notaris untuk menyelidiki secara materil apa yang dikemukakan oleh para penghadap. 2. Penerapan sanksi tindak pidana pemalsuan akta autentik, secara formal akta notaris, dibuat oleh notaris (membuat surat palsu); melakukan pemalsuan akta-akta autentik dan surat-surat yang dapat menimbulkan kerugian. Pemeriksaan terhadap notaris terikat pada prosedur pembuatan akta-akta, atau surat-surat yang selanjutnya dijadikan objek perkara pidana (notaris), selanjutnya akta-akta notaris tidak dapat dibatalkan, tetap mengikat para pihak (penghadap). Pemalsuan surat-surat sebagai tindak pidana umum diatur dalam Pasal 263 KUHP. Adapun Pasal 264 KUHP mengatur ketentuan pidana secara khusus (lex specialis) dari ketentuan pidana yang diatur dalam Pasal 263 KUHP dengan pembedaan arti akta Pasal 263 KUHP ”membuat secara palsu atau memalsukan” Pasal 264 KUHP “pemalsuan surat” yang dimaksud adalah akte-akte autentik.Kata kunci: Tindak Pidana, Pemalsuan,  Akta Autenti