111 research outputs found
Interleukin 2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) facilitates efficient egress of HIV-1 by coordinating Gag distribution and actin organization
AbstractInterleukin 2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) influences T cell signaling by coordinating actin polymerization and polarization as well as recruitment of kinases and adapter proteins. ITK regulates multiple steps of HIV-1 replication, including virion assembly and release. Fluorescent microscopy was used to examine the functional interactions between ITK and HIV-1 Gag during viral particle release. ITK and Gag colocalized at the plasma membrane and were concentrated at sites of F-actin accumulation and membrane lipid rafts in HIV-1 infected T cells. There was polarized staining of ITK, Gag, and actin towards sites of T cell conjugates. Small molecule inhibitors of ITK disrupted F-actin capping, perturbed Gag-ITK colocalization, inhibited virus like particle release, and reduced HIV replication in primary human CD4+ T cells. These data provide insight as to how ITK influences HIV-1 replication and suggest that targeting host factors that regulate HIV-1 egress provides an innovative strategy for controlling HIV infection
The Economic Impact of Weight Regain
Background. Obesity is well known for being associated with significant economic repercussions. Bariatric surgery is the only evidence-based solution to this problem as well as a cost-effective method of addressing the concern. Numerous authors have calculated the cost effectiveness and cost savings of bariatric surgery; however, to date the economic impact of weight regain as a component of overall cost has not been addressed. Methods. The literature search was conducted to elucidate the direct costs of obesity and primary bariatric surgery, the rate of weight recidivism and surgical revision, and any costs therein. Results. The quoted cost of obesity in Canada was 6.7 billion in 2013 CAD. The median percentage of bariatric procedures that fail due to weight gain or insufficient weight loss is 20% (average: 21.1% ± 10.1%, range: 5.2-39, = 10). Revision of primary surgeries on average ranges from 2.5% to 18.4%, and depending on the procedure accounts for an additional cost between 50,000 USD per patient. Discussion. There was a significant deficit of the literature pertaining to the cost of revision surgery as compared with primary bariatric surgery. As such, the cycle of weight recidivism and bariatric revisions has not as of yet been introduced into any previous cost analysis of bariatric surgery
The Economic Impact of Weight Regain
Background. Obesity is well known for being associated with significant economic repercussions. Bariatric surgery is the only evidence-based solution to this problem as well as a cost-effective method of addressing the concern. Numerous authors have calculated the cost effectiveness and cost savings of bariatric surgery; however, to date the economic impact of weight regain as a component of overall cost has not been addressed. Methods. The literature search was conducted to elucidate the direct costs of obesity and primary bariatric surgery, the rate of weight recidivism and surgical revision, and any costs therein. Results. The quoted cost of obesity in Canada was 6.7 billion in 2013 CAD. The median percentage of bariatric procedures that fail due to weight gain or insufficient weight loss is 20% (average: 21.1%±10.1%, range: 5.2–39, n=10). Revision of primary surgeries on average ranges from 2.5% to 18.4%, and depending on the procedure accounts for an additional cost between 50,000 USD per patient. Discussion. There was a significant deficit of the literature pertaining to the cost of revision surgery as compared with primary bariatric surgery. As such, the cycle of weight recidivism and bariatric revisions has not as of yet been introduced into any previous cost analysis of bariatric surgery
JWST reveals a population of ultra-red, flattened disk galaxies at 2<z<6 previously missed by HST
With just a month of data, JWST is already transforming our view of the
Universe, revealing and resolving starlight in unprecedented populations of
galaxies. Although ``HST-dark" galaxies have previously been detected at long
wavelengths, these observations generally suffer from a lack of spatial
resolution which limits our ability to characterize their sizes and
morphologies. Here we report on a first view of starlight from a subset of the
HST-dark population that are bright with JWST/NIRCam (4.4m<24.5mag) and
very faint or even invisible with HST (1.6m). In this Letter we focus
on a dramatic and unanticipated population of physically extended galaxies
(0.17''). These 12 galaxies have photometric redshifts , high
stellar masses , and significant
dust-attenuated star formation. Surprisingly, the galaxies have elongated
projected axis ratios at 4.4m, suggesting that the population is
disk-dominated or prolate. Most of the galaxies appear red at all radii,
suggesting significant dust attenuation throughout. We refer to these red,
disky, HST-dark galaxies as Ultra-red Flattened Objects (UFOs). With
(F444W)~kpc, the galaxies are similar in size to compact massive
galaxies at and the cores of massive galaxies and S0s at . The
stellar masses, sizes, and morphologies of the sample suggest that some could
be progenitors of lenticular or fast-rotating galaxies in the local Universe.
The existence of this population suggests that our previous censuses of the
universe may have missed massive, dusty edge-on disks, in addition to
dust-obscured starbursts
JADES + JEMS: A Detailed Look at the Buildup of Central Stellar Cores and Suppression of Star Formation in Galaxies at Redshifts 3 < z < 4.5
We present a spatially resolved study of stellar populations in 6 galaxies
with stellar masses at using 14-filter
JWST/NIRCam imaging from the JADES and JEMS surveys. The 6 galaxies are
visually selected to have clumpy substructures with distinct colors over
rest-frame \r{A}, including a bright dominant stellar core that is
close to their stellar-light centroids. With 23-filter photometry from HST to
JWST, we measure the stellar-population properties of individual structural
components via SED fitting using Prospector. We find that the central stellar
cores are times more massive than the Toomre mass, indicating they
may not form via in-situ fragmentation. The stellar cores have stellar ages of
Gyr that are similar to the timescale of clump inward migration due
to dynamical friction, suggesting that they likely instead formed through the
coalescence of giant stellar clumps. While they have not yet quenched, the 6
galaxies are below the star-forming main sequence by dex. Within each
galaxy, we find that the specific star formation rate is lower in the central
stellar core, and the stellar-mass surface density of the core is already
similar to quenched galaxies of the same masses and redshifts. Meanwhile, the
stellar ages of the cores are either comparable to or younger than the
extended, smooth parts of the galaxies. Our findings are consistent with model
predictions of the gas-rich compaction scenario for the buildup of galaxies'
central regions at high redshifts. We are likely witnessing the coeval
formation of dense central cores, along with the onset of galaxy-wide quenching
at .Comment: 32 pages, 16 figures, submitted to ApJ. Comments are welcom
Inside the bubble: exploring the environments of reionisation-era Lyman-α emitting galaxies with JADES and FRESCO⋆
© 2024 The Author(s). Published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/We present a study of the environments of 17 Lyman-α emitting galaxies (LAEs) in the reionisation-era (5.8 5%) observed in our sample of LAEs, suggesting the presence of ionised hydrogen along the line of sight towards at least eight out of 17 LAEs. We find minimum physical 'bubble'sizes of the order of R ion ∼ 0.1- 1pMpc are required in a patchy reionisation scenario where ionised bubbles containing the LAEs are embedded in a fully neutral IGM. Around half of the LAEs in our sample are found to coincide with large-scale galaxy overdensities seen in FRESCO at z ∼ 5.8- 5.9 and z ∼ 7.3, suggesting Lyman-α transmission is strongly enhanced in such overdense regions, and underlining the importance of LAEs as tracers of the first large-scale ionised bubbles. Considering only spectroscopically confirmed galaxies, we find our sample of UV-faint LAEs (M UV ≳ -20mag) and their direct neighbours are generally not able to produce the required ionised regions based on the Lyman-α transmission properties, suggesting lower-luminosity sources likely play an important role in carving out these bubbles. These observations demonstrate the combined power of JWST multi-object and slitless spectroscopy in acquiring a unique view of the early Universe during cosmic reionisation via the most distant LAEs.Peer reviewe
The Star-forming and Ionizing Properties of Dwarf z~6-9 Galaxies in JADES: Insights on Bursty Star Formation and Ionized Bubble Growth
Reionization is thought to be driven by faint star-forming galaxies, but
characterizing this population in detail has long remained very challenging.
Here we utilize deep nine-band NIRCam imaging from JADES to study the
star-forming and ionizing properties of 756 galaxies, including
hundreds of very UV-faint objects (). The faintest
() galaxies in our sample typically have stellar masses of
and young light-weighted ages (50
Myr), though some show strong Balmer breaks implying much older ages (500
Myr). We find no evidence for extremely massive galaxies (
) in our sample. We infer a strong (factor 2) decline in the
typical [OIII]H EWs towards very faint galaxies, yet a
weak UV luminosity dependence on the H EWs at . We demonstrate
that these EW trends can be explained if fainter galaxies have systematically
lower metallicities as well as more recently-declining star formation histories
relative to the most UV-luminous galaxies in our sample. Our data provide
evidence that the brightest galaxies are frequently experiencing a recent
strong upturn in SFR. We also discuss how the EW trends may be influenced by a
strong correlation between and Lyman continuum escape fraction.
This alternative explanation has dramatically different implications for the
contribution of galaxies along the luminosity function to cosmic reionization,
highlighting the need for deep spectroscopic follow-up. Finally, we quantify
the photometric overdensities around two strong Ly emitters in
the JADES footprint. One Ly emitter lies close to a strong photometric
overdensity while the other shows no significant nearby overdensity, perhaps
implying that not all strong Ly emitters reside in large ionized
bubbles.Comment: 29 pages, 16 figures. Submitted to MNRAS. Comments welcom
The Cosmos in its Infancy: JADES Galaxy Candidates at z > 8 in GOODS-S and GOODS-N
We present a catalog of 717 candidate galaxies at selected from 125
square arcminutes of NIRCam imaging as part of the JWST Advanced Deep
Extragalactic Survey (JADES). We combine the full JADES imaging dataset with
data from the JEMS and FRESCO JWST surveys along with extremely deep existing
observations from HST/ACS for a final filter set that includes fifteen
JWST/NIRCam filters and five HST/ACS filters. The high-redshift galaxy
candidates were selected from their estimated photometric redshifts calculated
using a template fitting approach, followed by visual inspection from seven
independent reviewers. We explore these candidates in detail, highlighting
interesting resolved or extended sources, sources with very red long-wavelength
slopes, and our highest redshift candidates, which extend to .
We also investigate potential contamination by stellar objects, and do not find
strong evidence from SED fitting that these faint high-redshift galaxy
candidates are low-mass stars. Over 93\% of the sources are newly identified
from our deep JADES imaging, including 31 new galaxy candidates at . Using 42 sources in our sample with measured spectroscopic redshifts from
NIRSpec and FRESCO, we find excellent agreement to our photometric redshift
estimates, with no catastrophic outliers and an average difference of . These sources comprise one of the
most robust samples for probing the early buildup of galaxies within the first
few hundred million years of the Universe's history.Comment: v2: 40 pages, 18 figures, submitted to AAS Journals, online data
catalog (JADES Deep only) found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.809252
The Cosmos in its Infancy: JADES Galaxy Candidates at z > 8 in GOODS-S and GOODS-N
© 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, to view a copy of the license, see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/We present a catalog of 717 candidate galaxies at z > 8 selected from 125 square arcmin of NIRCam imaging as part of the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES). We combine the full JADES imaging data set with data from the JWST Extragalactic Medium Survey and First Reionization Epoch Spectroscopic COmplete Survey (FRESCO) along with extremely deep existing observations from Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) for a final filter set that includes 15 JWST/NIRCam filters and five HST/ACS filters. The high-redshift galaxy candidates were selected from their estimated photometric redshifts calculated using a template-fitting approach, followed by visual inspection from seven independent reviewers. We explore these candidates in detail, highlighting interesting resolved or extended sources, sources with very red long-wavelength slopes, and our highest-redshift candidates, which extend to z phot ∼ 18. Over 93% of the sources are newly identified from our deep JADES imaging, including 31 new galaxy candidates at z phot > 12. We also investigate potential contamination by stellar objects, and do not find strong evidence from spectral energy distribution fitting that these faint high-redshift galaxy candidates are low-mass stars. Using 42 sources in our sample with measured spectroscopic redshifts from NIRSpec and FRESCO, we find excellent agreement to our photometric redshift estimates, with no catastrophic outliers and an average difference of 〈Δz = z phot − z spec〉 = 0.26. These sources comprise one of the most robust samples for probing the early buildup of galaxies within the first few hundred million years of the Universe’s history.Peer reviewe
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