Criminal Law - Rape - Forcible Compulsion/Evidence - Admissibility - Rape Shield Law

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that where there is a lack of consent, but no showing of physical force, threat of physical force, or psychological coercion, the forcible compulsion requirement of the Pennsylvania rape statute is not met. EVIDENCE-ADMISSIBILITY-RAPE SHIELD LAW-The Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that evidence that a complainant and her boyfriend had argued over her past infidelities was inadmissible under the Rape Shield Law, despite defendant\u27s claim that the evidence demonstrated that the complainant was motivated by her boyfriend\u27s jealousy to accuse the defendant of rape. Commonwealth v. Berkowitz, 641 A.2d 1161 (Pa. 1994)

Toward a language theoretic proof of the four color theorem

This paper considers the problem of showing that every pair of binary trees with the same number of leaves parses a common word under a certain simple grammar. We enumerate the common parse words for several infinite families of tree pairs and discuss several ways to reduce the problem of finding a parse word for a pair of trees to that for a smaller pair. The statement that every pair of trees has a common parse word is equivalent to the statement that every planar graph is four-colorable, so the results are a step toward a language theoretic proof of the four color theorem.Comment: 18 pages, many images; final versio

Survey for Galaxies Associated with z~3 Damped Lyman alpha Systems I: Spectroscopic Calibration of u'BVRI Photometric Selection

We present a survey for z~3 Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) associated with damped Lyman alpha systems (DLAs) with the primary purpose of determining the DLA-LBG cross-correlation. This paper describes the acquisition and analysis of imaging and spectroscopic data of 9 quasar fields having 11 known z~3 DLAs covering an area of 465 arcmin^2. Using deep u'BVRI images, 796 LBG candidates to an apparent R_AB magnitude of 25.5 were photometrically selected from 17,343 sources detected in the field. Spectroscopic observations of 529 LBG candidates using Keck LRIS yielded 339 redshifts. We have conservatively identified 211 z>2 objects with =3.02+/-0.32. We discuss our method of z~3 LBG identification and present a model of the u'BVRI photometric selection function. We use the 339 spectra to evaluate our u'BVRI z~3 Lyman break photometric selection technique.Comment: 26 pages, 6 tables, 11 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Introduction to Strategy, Information, Technology, Economics, and Society (SITES) Minitrack

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Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist Therapy with Imidazoquinoline Enhances Cancer Cell Death and Increases Lymphocytic Infiltration and Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Established Tumors of a Renal Cell Carcinoma Mouse Model

Imidazoquinolines are synthetic toll-like receptor 7 and 8 agonists and potent dendritic cell activators with established anticancer activity. Here we test the hypothesis that imidazoquinoline has in vivo efficacy within established renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumors. Immunocompetent mice bearing syngeneic RCC xenografts were treated with imidazoquinoline or placebo at two separate time points. Harvested tumors were assayed by TUNEL/caspase-3/Ki67 immunostains to evaluate cell death/apoptosis/proliferation, and CD3/B220/CD45 immunostains to evaluate T-cell lymphocyte/B-cell lymphocyte/pan-leukocyte tumor infiltration. ELISA measurement of tumor and serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and MCP-1, was performed. A single imidazoquinoline dose significantly decreased RCC tumor growth by 50% and repeat dosing compounded the effect, without observed weight loss or other toxicity. Tumor immunostaining revealed significant increases in cell death and apoptosis without changes in cell proliferation, supporting induction of apoptosis as the primary mechanism of tumor growth suppression. Imidazoquinoline treatment also significantly enhanced peritumoral aggregation and intratumoral infiltration by T-cell lymphocytes, while increasing intratumoral (but not serum) levels of proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, imidazoquinoline treatment enhances T-cell lymphocyte infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine production within established mouse RCC tumors, while suppressing tumor growth via induction of cancer cell apoptosis. These findings support a therapeutic role for imidazoquinoline in RCC

AUTOMATING SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTIVITY METRICS

Measurement of software development productivity is needed in order to control software costs, but it is discouragingly labor-intensive and expensive. Computer aided software engineering (CASE) technologies -- especially object-oriented, integrated CASE -- have the potential to support the automation of this measurement. In this paper, we describe automated analyzers for function point and code reuse measurement. Both analyzers take advantage of the existence of a meta-model of the application system, stored within an object repository, which contains the necessary information about the application system. We also propose new metrics for code reuse analysis, including reuse leverage, reuse value and reuse classification. The state-of-the-art automated software metrics analyzers are illustrated in the context of an investment banking industry application.Information Systems Working Papers Serie

Popular Conceptions of Nationhood in Old and New European Member States: Partial Support for the Ethnic-Civic Framework

One of the most influential theories in the study of nationalism has been the ethnic-East/civic-West framework developed by Hans Kohn. Using the 2002 Eurobarometer survey on national identity and building on earlier survey studies, this article examines whether the Kohn framework is valid at the level of popular understandings of nationhood. It scrutinizes the framework both conceptually - do people define nationhood in civic or ethnic terms? - and regionally - is the East indeed more ethnic than the West and the West more civic than the East? It will show that identity markers cluster in a political, a cultural and an ethnic dimension. Respondents do not see these dimensions as competing sources of nationhood, however. The article further lends some support for the regional component of the framework. Lastly, it argues that it is the intensity of national identifications rather than their qualitative nature (ethnic-civic) that correlates with xenophobia. © 2006 Taylor & Francis