Development of a method for molecular subtyping <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> using HRM PCR

Introduction. Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, a pathogen characterized by high genetic monomorphism that complicates differentiation of strains. Thus, molecular methods for pathogen typing require the improvement. The aim of the study. To select marker SNPs for new genetic groups of B. anthracis and to develop a method for their laboratory identification using HRM PCR. Materials and methods. The core genome of 222 strains of B. anthracis from the GenBank database and 66 strains from the collection of pathogenic microorganisms of the Stavropol Anti-Plague Institute was aligned using the parsnp software. A dendrogram based on 7242 core genome SNPs was built in MEGA X software. The strains for validation of the HRM method included representatives of various genetic groups. The HRM PCR reaction was performed using the "Type-it HRM PCR Kit" and "KAPA HRM FAST qPCR Kit" and a Rotor Gene DNA thermocycler with HRM function. Data analysis and visualization were performed using custom scripts in the Python and R development environments. Results and discussion. Marker SNPs for 6 genetic groups have been identified, which make it possible to determine whether strains belong to one of 7 new subclusters. Pairs of primers were selected for the loci containing them, HRM PCR parameters were optimized for discrimination of different alleles of SNP loci, and an analysis scheme was developed. Conclusion. Thus, marker SNPs were selected to determine the genetic subclusters A.Br.CEA, A.Br.STI, A.Br.Tsiankovskii, B.Br.Europe, B.Br.Siberia, B.Br.Asia, B.Br.018, and a new laboratory method was developed for molecular subtyping of B. anthracis using HRM PCR

Regional language corpus as a learning material in elementary schools

The work contains theoretical and practical corpus needed for the organization and delivery of the extracurricular classes of Russian in primary schools as well as the instruction for its use. The paper argues for the importance of extracurricular activities and the need for this type of research. The object of the research is extracurricular activity, while the subject is the use of regional linguistic corpus. The paper provides the description of the activities during which children are introduced to the dialectal and regional linguistic characteristics of the Russian language. The authors also analyze the methodological aspects of the linguistics geography. Moreover, the program of the extracurricular activities is presented along with the examples from students' work with special attention paid to methodological organization of the activities. Finally, this study has practical implications for teachers and lecturers as well for students.

Theoretical and Literary Studies of Goncharov's Works by Russian Emigrants: Biographism versus Antibiographism

The article analyzes the main methodological approaches to the study of I.A. Goncharov's personality in literary criticism and in the criticism of Russian emigrants (1920s - the early 1930s). It was revealed that along with existing authoritative, methodologically cultural, historical and immanent concepts of I.A. Goncharov's personality a morphological and psychoanalytic trends emerged describing the writer's life and work. The biographical method used by the critics in the process of the writer's work analysis was significantly transformed without the loss of its meaning

Female Nomina Professionalia in Russian Vocabulary of the 19th Century (Ssociolinguistic Analysis)

The authors focus on female nomina professionalia, which existed in Russian language of the 19th century. The appeal to this group of feminatives is determined by the fact that at that date they constituted an actual, actively replenishing lexical category. That was caused by changes in the socio-cultural life of the 19th century. The article analyzes the basic derivational models that produce nomina professionalia, traces the dynamics of such names throughout the 19th century, which is conditioned by extra-linguistic reasons

Migration from the Newly Independent States. 25 Years After the Collapse of the USSR

This book discusses international migration in the newly independent states after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which involved millions of people. Written by authors from 15 countries, it summarizes the population movement over the post-Soviet territories, both within the newly independent states and in other countries over the past 25 years. It focuses on the volume of migration flows, the number and socio-demographic characteristics of migrants, migration factors and the situation of migrants in receiving countries. The authors, who include demographers, economists, geographers, anthropologists, sociologists and political scientists, used various methods and sources of information, such as censuses, administrative statistics, the results of mass sample surveys and in-depth interviews. This heterogeneity highlights the multifaceted nature of the topic of migration movements