Knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS among Iranian students

BACKGROUND: Young people are of particular importance in state policies against Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). We intended to assess the knowledge and attitude of high school students regarding AIDS in Iran. METHODS: Through a cluster-sampling, 4641 students from 52 high schools in Tehran were assessed by anonymous questionnaires in February 2002. RESULTS: The students identified television as their most important source of information about AIDS. Only a few students answered all the knowledge questions correctly, and there were many misconceptions about the routes of transmission. Mosquito bites (33%), public swimming pools (21%), and public toilets (20%) were incorrectly identified as routes of transmission. 46% believed that Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive (HIV positive) students should not attend ordinary schools. Most of the students wanted to know more about AIDS. In this study knowledge level was associated with students' attitudes and discipline (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Although the knowledge level seems to be moderately high, misconceptions about the routes of transmission were common. There was a substantial intolerant attitude towards AIDS and HIV positive patients. We recommend that strategies for AIDS risk reduction in adolescents be developed in Iranian high schools

Struma ovarii associated with Pseudo-Meig's syndrome and high serum level of CA 125; a case report

Struma ovarii is a rare form of ovarian neoplasm in a form of mature teratoma and is composed predominantly of thyroid tissue. In the literature review, there has only been 10 cases of this tumor, associated with ascites and pleural effusion (Meig's Syndrome) and increased CA125 so far. In such cases, the tumor mimics malignant ovarian tumor. In this article, the case of a 72-year-old symptomatic woman with a pelvic mass, pleural and peritoneal effusion and high level of serum CA125 is presented. Cytological evaluation for the pleural fluid was performed. She underwent hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The result of pathologic diagnosis is presented in this paper. The patient was well in postoperative period and paraclinical tests including CA 125 were normal as well

Struma ovarii associated with Pseudo-Meig's syndrome and high serum level of CA 125; a case report

Abstract Struma ovarii is a rare form of ovarian neoplasm in a form of mature teratoma and is composed predominantly of thyroid tissue. In the literature review, there has only been 10 cases of this tumor, associated with ascites and pleural effusion (Meig's Syndrome) and increased CA125 so far. In such cases, the tumor mimics malignant ovarian tumor. In this article, the case of a 72-year-old symptomatic woman with a pelvic mass, pleural and peritoneal effusion and high level of serum CA125 is presented. Cytological evaluation for the pleural fluid was performed. She underwent hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The result of pathologic diagnosis is presented in this paper. The patient was well in postoperative period and paraclinical tests including CA 125 were normal as well.</p

Antithyroid peroxidase antibodies in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

One of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) which its prevalence is reported around 6.5-8% (1). Some clinical trials assessed association between PCOS and other autoimmune related endocrinopathies such as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), type 2 diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction with controversial results (2). Some investigators showed increase level of serum antiovarian antibodies in the half of affected women (3, 4). However, the exact mechanism of autoimmune processes in PCOS pathogenesis is remained to be fully elucidated. Autoimmune thyroid disorder including hashimoto’s thyroiditis also has been shown to have correlation with PCOS (5). According to Janssen’s et al study the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) was three times higher in patients with PCOS compared with control group (6). The cause of this high incidence is open to speculation. Genetic defect was assumed to predispose persons to AIT as well as PCOS. Both disorders seem to have an oligo-genetic background (5, 7). To date, a common genetic background has not been found. Gleicher et al hypothesized that development of PCOS could be attributed to functional autoantibodies including thyroid autoantibodies [anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO), and thyroglobulin antibodies (TG-Ab)] (8). Ott et al reported a poor treatment response in infertile PCOS women with elevated anti-TPO levels (9).\ud In a cross-sectional study at Infertility and Reproductive Health Center (IRHRC), we evaluated serum level of thyroid function tests (TFT) including autoantibodies and to assess their relation with other characteristic and hormonal parameters of PCOS. A total of seventy five women with average age of 26 years who fulfilled the 2003 Rotterdam Criteria underwent gynecologic evaluation and blood sampling between January 2009 and December 2011. The mean±SD of serum anti-TPO in Ott et al, Ganie et al, Kachuei et al, Janssen et al and our study were 52.2±98.5, 321.4±189.6, 216±428, 123±328, and 41.06±91.18 IU/ml respectively (5, 6, 9, 10). The wide range of reported values could be attributed to different type of laboratory assessment, value of cut point and heterogeneity of selected patients. About fifteen percent of our patients were anti-TPO positive; the reported range of positive anti-TPO percentage was 15 to 30 in different studies (5, 6, 9, 10 and present study). In fact, the observed ratio in our research is lower than Kachuei’s study which held in a same country (5). In that research, authors did not find difference in rate of positivity between PCOS and control group. Percentage of anti-TPO positivity in Ganie et al and Janssen et al in normal women were zero and eight percent respectively (6, 10). In our study, presence or absence of anti-TPO did not have a major influence on the characteristics and hormonal values of the PCOS patients; only hip circumference and estradiol level were significantly higher in anti-TPO positive cases. In another study this difference was observed for hypoechoic ultrasound pattern, patient’s age and LH to-FSH-ratio. Ott et al suggested that anti-TPO could be a good predictive marker for treatment response in infertile women with PCOS (9). They reported a higher anti-TPO level in patients who were resistant to clomiphene citrate treatment. TSH level in our PCOS patients was 3.16±3.55 mU/l; other investigators report its value between 2 and 3 mU/l. We did not find any difference in biochemical and hormonal serum values of patients between euthyroid and hypothyroid ones. TSH level in PCOS patients and control subjects did not differ significantly in Ganie et al, Kachuei et al researches which is in contrast to the results of Janssen and colleagues (5, 10).\ud High prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in PCOS women of reproductive age brings this question in our mind that is it necessary to screen these patients for hypothyroidism? Due to increased risk of morbidity in hypothyroid mother and her newborn, it seems logical to assess thyroid function test in suspicious patients. To have a proper answer for this question, however, several prospective researches should be conducted with more number of participants in a longer follow up period. Based on our data, it is more likely to see a disturbance in serum values of thyroid function test and autoantibodies in women with PCOS. We recommend evaluation of these parameters by longitudinal cohort studies with more number of cases and a longer follow up perio

Sense of coherence and coping strategies: How they influence quality of life in Iranian women with breast cancer

Abstract Aim To investigate the mediation/moderation effect between Coping Behaviors (CBs) and Sense of Coherence (SOC) in the prediction of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in breast cancer patients. Design Cross‐sectional. Methods A total of 221 patients were included in this study. The 13‐item Orientation to Life Questionnaire, Brief COPE and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Breast were investigated. Pearson's correlation coefficient and mediation/moderation analysis were performed. Results Significant correlations were observed for SOC, active coping, acceptance, positive reframing (PR), planning, use of emotional support (UES), use of instrumental support, behaviour disengagement and self‐blame with HRQoL. Except for planning and acceptance, SOC partially mediated the CBs' effect on HRQoL. The UES and PR's effects on HRQoL were significant at lower SOC levels and diminished at higher SOC levels. Conclusion Practitioners can incorporate SOC and adaptive CBs, including PR and UES, into the rehabilitation programmes to improve HRQoL in patients