Análisis Retrospectivo de los casos de Endocarditis Infecciosa a lo largo de 31 años (1985-2016) en un Hospital Terciario (Ramón y Cajal)

La Endocarditis Infecciosa (EI) es una enfermedad infrecuente, de alta mortalidad. En las últimas décadas ha habido cambios relevantes tanto en las técnicas de diagnóstico por imagen como en la epidemiología de la población a la que afecta, que son el objeto de nuestro trabajo. Como método de trabajo se ha realizado un estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se han revisado las historias clínicas de los pacientes diagnosticados de Endocarditis Infecciosa en el Hospital Ramón y Cajal en los últimos 31 años (1985-2016), a partir de un registro del Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Se ha obtenido como resultado, que el número de casos de Endocarditis Infecciosa se ha mantenido estable a lo largo de los 31 años del estudio. La mayor frecuencia en varones (67%) se mantuvo constante, mientras que la edad de los pacientes ha ido aumentando progresivamente. Se ha apreciado cambios en los microorganismos causales, entre los cuales los más frecuentemente aislados han sido Staphylococcus aureus (37,3%), seguido de estafilococos coagulasa-negativo (14,3%) y Streptococcus viridans (13,2%). De modo llamativo, disminuyeron significativamente los casos de EI asociada al uso de drogas inyectadas y aumentaron proporcionalmente los de EI sobre válvula natural (39,5%) y sobre válvula protésica (31.5%). También aumentaron el empleo del ecocardiograma transesofágico en el diagnóstico (43,7%) y los casos que se sometieron a cirugía (28,9%). La cifra de endocarditis nosocomial sigue siendo un problema importante (12,4%). La mortalidad se ha mantenido elevada sin cambios (20%). Como conclusión podemos señalar que se han encontrado cambios significativos en la epidemiología de la enfermedad a lo largo de los 31 años del estudio, en parte asociado a la disminución del uso de drogas inyectadas y al aumento de los procedimientos quirúrgicos sobre el corazón. Pese a los avances en el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico la enfermedad sigue teniendo una mortalidad elevada.Infective endocarditis is an uncommon disease of high mortality. In recent decades there have been significant changes both in image diagnostic techniques and in the epidemiology of the affected population, which are the subject of our work. Observational retrospective study. We have reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with infective endocarditis in the Hospital Ramon y Cajal in the past 31 years (1985-2016), included in a registry of the Service of Infectious Diseases. The number of cases of infective endocarditis has remained stable over the 31 years of the study. A higher frequency in males (67%) has remained constant, while the age of patients has progressively increased. Changes have been observed in the causative organisms, among which Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated (37.3%), followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (14.3%) and Streptococcus viridans (13.2%). Strikingly, there was a significant reduction in the number of cases of endocarditis associated with injection drug use and an increase in those on natural valve (39.5%) and prosthetic valve (31.5%). We also found an increase in the use of transesophageal ecocardiogram in the diagnosis (43.7%) and cases who underwent surgery (28.9%). The number of nosocomial endocarditis continues to be a major problem (12.4%). Mortality has remained high without changes (20%). We have found significant changes in the epidemiology of the disease over the 31 years of the study, in part associated to the decrease in the use of injected drugs and the increase of the surgical procedures on the heart. Diagnostic and therapeutic handling also has advanced, but despite this disease continues to have a high mortality

Prognostic models for mortality after cardiac surgery in patients with infective endocarditis: a systematic review and aggregation of prediction models.

Background There are several prognostic models to estimate the risk of mortality after surgery for active infective endocarditis (IE). However, these models incorporate different predictors and their performance is uncertain. Objective We systematically reviewed and critically appraised all available prediction models of postoperative mortality in patients undergoing surgery for IE, and aggregated them into a meta-model. Data sources We searched Medline and EMBASE databases from inception to June 2020. Study eligibility criteria We included studies that developed or updated a prognostic model of postoperative mortality in patient with IE. Methods We assessed the risk of bias of the models using PROBAST (Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool) and we aggregated them into an aggregate meta-model based on stacked regressions and optimized it for a nationwide registry of IE patients. The meta-model performance was assessed using bootstrap validation methods and adjusted for optimism. Results We identified 11 prognostic models for postoperative mortality. Eight models had a high risk of bias. The meta-model included weighted predictors from the remaining three models (EndoSCORE, specific ES-I and specific ES-II), which were not rated as high risk of bias and provided full model equations. Additionally, two variables (age and infectious agent) that had been modelled differently across studies, were estimated based on the nationwide registry. The performance of the meta-model was better than the original three models, with the corresponding performance measures: C-statistics 0.79 (95% CI 0.76–0.82), calibration slope 0.98 (95% CI 0.86–1.13) and calibration-in-the-large –0.05 (95% CI –0.20 to 0.11). Conclusions The meta-model outperformed published models and showed a robust predictive capacity for predicting the individualized risk of postoperative mortality in patients with IE. Protocol registration PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020192602).pre-print270 K

Evaluación de la prueba de gamma-interferón-tuberculina en el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina. Fecha de lectura: 21 de Septiembre de 200

Valor pronóstico de la trombocitopenia preoperatoria en la cirugía de la endocarditis infecciosa: experiencia de un centro

Resumen: Introducción: La trombocitopenia preoperatoria se ha relacionado con un peor pronóstico en la endocarditis infecciosa. Objetivo: Valorar la influencia de la trombocitopenia en la cirugía de la endocarditis infecciosa en nuestra serie. Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo unicéntrico de los pacientes intervenidos por endocarditis infecciosa entre 2002 y 2016. Análisis de supervivencia a corto y a largo plazo, estratificado en función de la presencia de trombocitopenia (recuento plaquetario < 150.000 plaquetas/mm3). Resultados: Se incluyeron 180 pacientes, el 32,4% con trombocitopenia. La trombocitopenia fue un marcador independiente de sepsis debido a que, aunque las características preoperatorias eran similares entre ambos grupos, existió mayor proporción de shock séptico, necesidad de inotrópicos y ventilación mecánica preoperatoria en el grupo con trombocitopenia. Observamos una fuerte asociación entre trombocitopenia y mortalidad precoz (odds ratio: 3,41; IC 95%: 1,66-7,02; p = 0,001). Se analizó la asociación de trombocitopenia con la mortalidad tardía, en los pacientes supervivientes, con un seguimiento mediano de 85 meses. La trombocitopenia se asoció a un aumento significativo de la mortalidad tardía (hazard ratio 2,35: IC 95%: 1,16-4,74; p = 0,017) y una mayor tasa de reinfección (20,8 vs. 6,9%; p = 0,013). El Risk-E score es la única escala de riesgo específico que incluye la trombocitopenia, su cálculo en nuestra muestra demostró una correcta calibración (Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0,35) y discriminación (área bajo la curva ROC = 0,76). Conclusión: La trombocitopenia se asocia con el aumento de mortalidad. Dado su impacto en la supervivencia, se debe valorar el empleo de escalas de predicción que incluyan la trombocitopenia como factor de riesgo. Abstract: Introduction: Preoperative thrombocytopenia has been associated with worse prognosis in infective endocarditis. Objective: Assess the influence of thrombocytopenia in infective endocarditis surgery in our sample. Methods: Retrospective, single-center analysis of patients operated on for infective endocarditis between 2002 and 2016. Short-term and long-term survival analysis was performed, stratified according to the presence of thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 150,000 platelets/mm3). Results: 180 patients were included, 32.4% of the patients suffered from thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia was an independent marker of sepsis. Although patient preoperative characteristics were similar between both groups, there was a higher proportion of septic shock, need of inotropic support and preoperative mechanical ventilation in the group with thrombocytopenia. A strong association between thrombocytopenia and early mortality (Odds Ratio: 3.41, 95%CI: 1.66-7.02, P = .001) was observed. The association between thrombocytopenia and late mortality was analyzed in the surviving patients, with a median follow-up time of 85 months. Thrombocytopenia was associated with a significant increase in late mortality (Hazard Ratio: 2.35; 95%CI: 1.16-4.74, P = .017) and a higher rate of reinfection (20.8% vs 6.9%, p = 0.013). Risk-E score is the only specific risk score that includes thrombocytopenia. Its calculation in our sample showed a correct calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow P = .35) and discrimination (area under the ROC curve = 0.76). Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia is associated with increased mortality. Given its impact on survival, the use of the specific scores that included thrombocytopenia as prognostic factor should be considered. Palabras clave: Endocarditis, Trombocitopenia, Pronóstico, Mortalidad, Keywords: Endocarditis, Thrombocytopenia, Prognosis, Mortalit

Prognostic models for mortality after cardiac surgery in patients with infective endocarditis: a systematic review and aggregation of prediction models

Background: There are several prognostic models to estimate the risk of mortality after surgery for active infective endocarditis (IE). However, these models incorporate different predictors and their performance is uncertain. Objective: We systematically reviewed and critically appraised all available prediction models of postoperative mortality in patients undergoing surgery for IE, and aggregated them into a meta-model. Data sources: We searched Medline and EMBASE databases from inception to June 2020. Study eligibility criteria: We included studies that developed or updated a prognostic model of postoperative mortality in patient with IE. Methods: We assessed the risk of bias of the models using PROBAST (Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool) and we aggregated them into an aggregate meta-model based on stacked regressions and optimized it for a nationwide registry of IE patients. The meta-model performance was assessed using bootstrap validation methods and adjusted for optimism. Results: We identified 11 prognostic models for postoperative mortality. Eight models had a high risk of bias. The meta-model included weighted predictors from the remaining three models (EndoSCORE, specific ES-I and specific ES-II), which were not rated as high risk of bias and provided full model equations. Additionally, two variables (age and infectious agent) that had been modelled differently across studies, were estimated based on the nationwide registry. The performance of the meta-model was better than the original three models, with the corresponding performance measures: C-statistics 0.79 (95% CI 0.76–0.82), calibration slope 0.98 (95% CI 0.86–1.13) and calibration-in-the-large –0.05 (95% CI –0.20 to 0.11). Conclusions: The meta-model outperformed published models and showed a robust predictive capacity for predicting the individualized risk of postoperative mortality in patients with IE

Prognostic assessment of valvular surgery in active infective endocarditis: multicentric nationwide validation of a new score developed from a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES Several risk prediction models have been developed to estimate the risk of mortality after valve surgery for active infective endocarditis (IE), but few external validations have been conducted to assess their accuracy. We previously developed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of IE-specific factors for the in-hospital mortality rate after IE valve surgery, whose obtained pooled estimations were the basis for the development of a new score (APORTEI). The aim of the present study was to assess its prognostic accuracy in a nationwide cohort. METHODS We analysed the prognostic utility of the APORTEI score using patient-level data from a multicentric national cohort. Patients who underwent surgery for active IE between 2008 and 2018 were included. Discrimination was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and the calibration was assessed using the calibration slope and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Agreement between the APORTEI and the EuroSCORE I was also analysed by Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), the Bland-Altman agreement analysis and a scatterplot graph. RESULTS The 11 variables that comprised the APORTEI score were analysed in the sample. The APORTEI score was calculated in 1338 patients. The overall observed surgical mortality rate was 25.56%. The score demonstrated adequate discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.75; 95% confidence interval 0.72-0.77) and calibration (calibration slope = 1.03; Hosmer-Lemeshow test P = 0.389). We found a lack of agreement between the APORTEI and EuroSCORE I (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS The APORTEI score, developed from a systematic review and meta-analysis, showed an adequate estimation of the risk of mortality after IE valve surgery in a nationwide cohort

Plan Andaluz de Atención a las personas con dolor : 2010 - 2013

Publicado en la página web de la Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social: www.juntadeandalucia.es/salud (Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social / Ciudadanía / Quiénes somos / Planes y Estrategias)YesEl Plan Andaluz de Atención a las Persona con Dolor nace con el objetivo de lograr un mejor abordaje de este malestar en sus distintas vertientes: prevención, detección, seguimiento y tratamiento. El dolor no es solo un síntoma que se presenta, en mayor o menor intensidad y grado, junto a la mayoría de los problemas de salud, sino que en si mismo es considerado una enfermedad. Por ello, este instrumento plantea la atención al dolor desde un enfoque transversal que tiene en cuenta los diferentes tipos de dolor en función de las diversas patologías. A ello suma una especial consideración a las personas que pertenecen a los colectivos más desfavorecidos, ya que estos son más vulnerables y frágiles ante cualquier situación de desventaja social y, por tanto, también ante el dolor. La estrategia planteada, sin precedentes en España, contempla emprender un conjunto de actuaciones -reorientación de los dispositivos, espacios y recursos asistenciales, formación e implicación de los profesionales, fomento a la investigación- que se consideran adecuadas para dar respuesta a las necesidades sanitarias que el problema del dolor plantea y mejorar su atención a todos los niveles