Intertheatrical Cues and Shakespearean backstories: staging the tug of memory

This study addresses the boundary between the stage and lived experience by focusing on evocations of prior histories of Shakespeare’s characters. Taking the battle of wit carried out by means of commonplaces and proverbs in Henry V (3.7) as a focal case study, as well as considering other such telling moments in The Merchant of Venice, Antony and Cleopatra, Much Ado, Hamlet, Cymbeline, and Henry V, my investigation offers a viable approach to staging the presentation of characters’ backstories. My goal is to recover and comment on a set of principles for understanding one of the chief ways in which the Shakespearean text is set up to guide both affective and expressive interpretation of characters. More broadly, this paper involves larger questions of how memory shapes identity, including the forging of memorable moments within the given performance reflecting normative stage business and other embodied forms of intertheatricality. This essay demonstrates how attention to the playwright’s well-placed and condensed seeds of discourse—like proverbs themselves—unfold to convey whole histories and thus a backlog of information that can aid in audience understanding of characters’ interactions that motivate stage activity as well as advance the plot arc. The critical insights brought out in this essay, concerning mnemotechnical cues and declamatory triggers to conjure plausible backstories leading to incipient action in the world of the play, can be used to explore more purposefully the built-in possibilities for moving a Shakespearean text from page to stage.Cette étude porte sur la frontière entre la scène et le vécu en se focalisant sur les évocations de l’histoire antérieure de personnages shakespeariens. Prenant la lutte d’esprit sous forme de proverbes dans Henry V (3.7) comme étude de cas, mon enquête offre une approche viable aux dramaturges et aux metteurs en scène de représentations scéniques et cinématographiques pour signaler à leurs comédiens et acteurs—et, par extension, au public—des moments où les tiraillements de la mémoire sont activés à l’intérieur du texte. Plus globalement, cette étude aide à cerner la question plus large de comment la mémoire est modelée et exprimée dans des productions théâtrales et filmées, y compris la mise en oeuvre de moments mémorables dans la représentation scénique ou dans la version filmée elle-même — et, en outre, les manières dont ils font allusion à la visualisation d’une oeuvre quant à sa présentation à travers le temps, et de même pour d’autres manifestations “d’inter-théâtralité.” Spécifiquement, les aperçus critiques ressortant de cet essai (concernant des codes mnémoniques et des déclencheurs déclamatoires pour invoquer des trames de fond menant à une action dramatique naissante dans le monde de la pièce) aideront ceux qui contribuent à la représentation théâtrale à explorer de manière plus constructive les possibilités de transporter le texte shakespearien de la page à la scène

Locative Memory and the Circulation of Mnemic Energy in The Winter’s Tale

La célèbre « scène de la statue » du Conte d’hiver (v.iii) a donné lieu à de multiples analyses critiques, mais aucune approche jusqu’ici n’a examiné, de façon soutenue, l’influence des principes mnémotechniques employés au début de l’ère moderne. De ce fait, cette étude s’appuie sur les traités de rhétorique de la Renaissance portant sur l’« Art de la mémoire » afin de retrouver les prémisses esthétiques en jeu dans la réalisation de cette scène, ce qui rendra possible l’interprétation, dans son contexte d’origine, de la puissance émotionnelle évoquée par ce coup de théâtre à résonance religieuse. Une telle approche permet de comprendre dans quelle mesure Shakespeare aurait consciemment puisé dans le réservoir immémorial d’énergie mnésique pour atteindre le puissant effet dramatique généré par cette scène.The celebrated “statue scene” of Shakespeare’s Winter’s Tale (v.iii) has been subjected to many different critical approaches, and yet none so far has analyzed it in any sustained and critical way with respect to early modern mnemotechnic principles. This study therefore takes as its point of departure Renaissance rhetorical treatises on the Art of Memory so as to recover the basic aesthetic assumptions involved in the staging of this scene which in turn will provide a key for interpreting, in its original context, the emotional power evoked by this religiously resonant coup de théâtre. Such an approach has the added advantage of being able to indicate the extent to which Shakespeare self-consciously tapped into the immemorial reservoir of mnemic energy to achieve the intense dramatic effect that this scene both draws on and activates

The Impact of Invasive Exotic Grasses on Quail in the Southwestern United States

Five native quail species inhabit arid and semi-arid ecosystems in the southwestern United States. One species is endangered, one species is declining throughout it’s historic range, another species is declining in portions of its historic range, and the other two species may be beginning to decline in selected portions of their respective ranges. A number of factors have been implicated for these declines, though habitat loss is frequently cited as the most common factor associated with southwestern quail declines. Exotic species invasions in the United States represent a significant economic and biological threat to the United States. Many exotic organisms introduced to the United States are threatening entire ecosystems, replacing native species and even threatening other native species with extinction. Numerous exotic grasses are invading arid and semi-arid ecosystems in the Southwest. Most exotic grasses were intentionally introduced for erosion control and to provide forage for livestock. Cattlemen sometimes favor exotic grasses in spite of their impacts to native biodiversty. The impacts of exotic grasses on vegetative communities are discussed, as well as their potential impacts on the five native quail species that inhabit the southwestern United States. Exotic grass eradication and control are also discussed, as well as introducing exotic grass pest management into existing land management programs. Research designed to determine the impacts of exotic grass invasions on quail and their habitat is recommended

Rapid growth of HFC-227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane) in the atmosphere

We report the first measurements of 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), a substitute for ozone depleting compounds, in remote regions of the atmosphere and present evidence for its rapid growth. Observed mixing ratios ranged from below 0.01 ppt in deep firn air to 0.59 ppt in the northern mid-latitudinal upper troposphere. Firn air samples collected in Greenland were used to reconstruct a history of atmospheric abundance. Year-on-year increases were deduced, with acceleration in the growth rate from 0.026 ppt per year in 2000 to 0.057 ppt per year in 2007. Upper tropospheric air samples provide evidence for a continuing growth until late 2009. Fur- thermore we calculated a stratospheric lifetime of 370 years from measurements of air samples collected on board high altitude aircraft and balloons. Emission estimates were determined from the reconstructed atmospheric trend and suggest that current "bottom-up" estimates of global emissions for 2005 are too high by more than a factor of three

The causes and implications of sex role diversity in shorebird breeding systems

Males and females often exhibit different behaviours during mate acquisition, pair-bonding and parenting, and a convenient label to characterize these behaviours is sex role. The diverse roles that male and female shorebirds (plovers, sandpipers and allies) exhibit in mating and parenting have played a key role in advancing mainstream theories in avian ecology and behavioural biology including sexual selection, sexual conflict and parental cooperation. Recent advances in shorebird research have also highlighted the significance of the social environment in driving sex role behaviours by linking the adult sex ratio with breeding behaviour and population demography. Here we review the key advances in sex role research using shorebirds as an ecological model system. We identify knowledge gaps and argue that shorebirds have untapped potential to accelerate diverse research fields including evolutionary genomics, movement ecology, social networks and environmental changes. Future studies of sex roles will benefit from individual-based monitoring using advanced tracking technologies, and from multi-team collaborations that are facilitated by standardized data collection methodologies across different species in the field. These advances will not only contribute to our understanding of reproductive strategies, but they will also have knock-on effects on predicting population resilience to environmental changes and on prioritizing species for conservation

The causes and implications of sex role diversity in shorebird breeding systems

Males and females often exhibit different behaviours during mate acquisition, pair-bonding and parenting, and a convenient label to characterize these behaviours is sex role. The diverse roles that male and female shorebirds (plovers, sandpipers and allies) exhibit in mating and parenting have played a key role in advancing mainstream theories in avian ecology and behavioural biology including sexual selection, sexual conflict and parental cooperation. Recent advances in shorebird research have also highlighted the significance of the social environment in driving sex role behaviours by linking the adult sex ratio with breeding behaviour and population demography. Here we review the key advances in sex role research using shorebirds as an ecological model system. We identify knowledge gaps and argue that shorebirds have untapped potential to accelerate diverse research fields including evolutionary genomics, movement ecology, social networks and environmental changes. Future studies of sex roles will benefit from individual-based monitoring using advanced tracking technologies, and from multi-team collaborations that are facilitated by standardized data collection methodologies across different species in the field. These advances will not only contribute to our understanding of reproductive strategies, but they will also have knock-on effects on predicting population resilience to environmental changes and on prioritizing species for conservation

Evaluation of stratospheric age of air from CF4, C2F6, C3F8, CHF3, HFC-125, HFC-227ea and SF6; implications for the calculations of halocarbon lifetimes, fractional release factors and ozone depletion potentials

In a changing climate, potential stratospheric circulation changes require long-term monitoring. Stratospheric trace gas measurements are often used as a proxy for stratospheric circulation changes via the <q>mean age of air</q> values derived from them. In this study, we investigated five potential age of air tracers – the perfluorocarbons CF₄, C₂F₆ and C₃F₈ and the hydrofluorocarbons CHF₃ (HFC-23) and HFC-125 – and compare them to the traditional tracer SF₆ and a (relatively) shorter-lived species, HFC-227ea. A detailed uncertainty analysis was performed on mean ages derived from these <q>new</q> tracers to allow us to confidently compare their efficacy as age tracers to the existing tracer, SF₆. Our results showed that uncertainties associated with the mean age derived from these new age tracers are similar to those derived from SF₆, suggesting that these alternative compounds are suitable in this respect for use as age tracers. Independent verification of the suitability of these age tracers is provided by a comparison between samples analysed at the University of East Anglia and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. All five tracers give younger mean ages than SF₆, a discrepancy that increases with increasing mean age. Our findings qualitatively support recent work that suggests that the stratospheric lifetime of SF₆ is significantly less than the previous estimate of 3200 years. The impact of these younger mean ages on three policy-relevant parameters – stratospheric lifetimes, fractional release factors (FRFs) and ozone depletion potentials – is investigated in combination with a recently improved methodology to calculate FRFs. Updates to previous estimations for these parameters are provided

Evaluation of stratospheric age of air from CF4_{4}, C2_{2}F6_{6}, C3_{3}F8_{8}, CHF3_{3}, HFC-125, HFC-227ea and SF6_{6}; Implications for the calculations of halocarbon lifetimes, fractional release factors and ozone depletion potentials

In a changing climate, potential stratospheric circulation changes require long-term monitoring. Stratospheric trace gas measurements are often used as a proxy for stratospheric circulation changes via the “mean age of air” values derived from them. In this study, we investigated five potential age of air tracers – the perfluorocarbons CF4, C2F6 and C3F8 and the hydrofluorocarbons CHF3 (HFC-23) and HFC-125 – and compare them to the traditional tracer SF6 and a (relatively) shorter-lived species, HFC-227ea. A detailed uncertainty analysis was performed on mean ages derived from these “new” tracers to allow us to confidently compare their efficacy as age tracers to the existing tracer, SF6. Our results showed that uncertainties associated with the mean age derived from these new age tracers are similar to those derived from SF6, suggesting that these alternative compounds are suitable in this respect for use as age tracers. Independent verification of the suitability of these age tracers is provided by a comparison between samples analysed at the University of East Anglia and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. All five tracers give younger mean ages than SF6, a discrepancy that increases with increasing mean age. Our findings qualitatively support recent work that suggests that the stratospheric lifetime of SF6 is significantly less than the previous estimate of 3200 years. The impact of these younger mean ages on three policy-relevant parameters – stratospheric lifetimes, fractional release factors (FRFs) and ozone depletion potentials – is investigated in combination with a recently improved methodology to calculate FRFs. Updates to previous estimations for these parameters are provided

1960

Recent Developments Affecting Golf Course Design (page 1) From the Editor (3) Five Year Results (3) Turf Management Club News (4) Quotes from 1960 Seniors (5) Poa annua - - Friend or Foe (6) The Horticulture Show (7) Cartoons (8) Message from the Winter School President of 1960 (10) The Most Outstanding Turf Senior for 1959 (10) The Value of the Proper Use of Lime (11) Summer Placement (12) A Greenhouse on the Golf Course (13) More Opportunities in the Future for the Aggressive Superintendent at Country Clubs (14) Soil, Sawdust and Turfgrass (15) Picture - Senior Stockbridge Turf majors (16) Picture - Freshman Stockbridge Turf majors (17) Susceptibility of Merion Bluegrass to Stripe Smut (18) Bents in the South (19) Picture - Honorary Members of Turf Management Club (20) Picture - Graduates of Winter School for Turf mangers- 1960 (21) Weather - We are Going to Have Weather, Whether or Not - What Should we Expect by O. Tennebaum & R. E. Lautzenheiser (A-1) The Nature of Winter Injury to Plants by Dr. Johnson Parker (A-1) Turf Problems: You Name it and We\u27ve Had It in \u2759 by Alexander Radko ad T.T. Taylor (A-3) Topdressing Experiences with Greens at Century by James Fulwider (A-5) Poa annua - Fairway Rennovation at winged Foot by Sherwood A. Moore (A-6) Winter Problems at Ekwanaok by Paul O\u27Leary (A-8) Progress Through Drainage by Kayem Ovian (A-10) Winter Injury on Home Lawns by Orlando Capizzi (A-12) The Status of Pre-emergence Chemicals for the Control of Crabgrass by Dr. E. Engel (A-12) Turf Nurseries - Establishment, Maintenance & Utilization by Robert Grant (A-14) Soil Compaction by Dr. R. B. Alderfer (A-16) Water Management Practices on Turf Areas by Dr. J.R. Watson (A-18) Getting to Know Your Members by Owen Griffith (A-23) New Trends in Clubhouse Landscaping by Alfred Boicourt (A-26) General Lawn Management (Alternate Session) Conserving Soil for a good Lawn by Dr. William G. Colby (A-27) Fertilizting and Liming by Dr. Joseph Steckel (A-28) Grasses and Grass Mixtures for New England Lawns by Dr. Robert Schery (A-29) The Care and Maintenance of Establishment Lawns by Dr. John R. Davi

Annexin A6 and NPC1 regulate LDL-inducible cell migration and distribution of focal adhesions

Cholesterol is considered indispensable for cell motility, but how physiological cholesterol pools enable cells to move forward remains to be clarified. The majority of cells obtain cholesterol from the uptake of Low-Density lipoproteins (LDL) and here we demonstrate that LDL stimulates A431 squamous epithelial carcinoma and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell migration and invasion. LDL also potentiated epidermal growth factor (EGF) -stimulated A431 cell migration as well as A431 invasion in 3-dimensional environments, using organotypic assays. Blocking cholesterol export from late endosomes (LE), using Niemann Pick Type C1 (NPC1) mutant cells, pharmacological NPC1 inhibition or overexpression of the annexin A6 (AnxA6) scaffold protein, compromised LDL-inducible migration and invasion. Nevertheless, NPC1 mutant cells established focal adhesions (FA) that contain activated focal adhesion kinase (pY397FAK, pY861FAK), vinculin and paxillin. Compared to controls, NPC1 mutants display increased FA numbers throughout the cell body, but lack LDL-inducible FA formation at cell edges. Strikingly, AnxA6 depletion in NPC1 mutant cells, which restores late endosomal cholesterol export in these cells, increases their cell motility and association of the cholesterol biosensor D4H with active FAK at cell edges, indicating that AnxA6-regulated transport routes contribute to cholesterol delivery to FA structures, thereby improving NPC1 mutant cell migratory behaviour