A xanthophyll-derived apocarotenoid regulates carotenogenesis in tomato chromoplasts

[EN] Carotenoids possess important biological functions that make them essential components of the human diet. 8-Carotene and some other carotenoids have vitamin A activity while lutein and zeaxanthin, typically referred to as the macular pigments, are involved in good vision and in delaying the onset of age-related eye diseases. In order to create a zeaxanthin-producing tomato fruit, two transgenic lines, one with a high 8-carotene cyclase activity and the other with a high 8-carotene hydroxylase activity, have been genetically crossed. Ripe fruits from the resulting progeny contained significant levels of violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and xanthophyll esters. However, their zeaxanthin content was not as high as expected, and the total level of carotenoids was only 25% of the carotenoids found in ripe fruits of the comparator line. Targeted transcript analysis and apocarotenoids determinations indicated that transcriptional regulation of the pathway or degradation of synthesized carotenoids were not responsible for the low carotenoid content of hybrid fruits which instead appeared to result from a substantial reduction of carotenoid biosynthesis. Notably, the content of an unidentified hydroxylated cyclic (C13) apocarotenoid was 13 times higher in the hybrid fruits than in the control fruits. Furthermore, a GC-MSbased metabolite profiling demonstrated a perturbation of carotenogenesis in ripening hybrid fruits compatible with a block of the pathway. Moreover, carotenoid profiling on leaf, fruit, and petal samples from a set of experimental lines carrying the hp3 mutation, in combination with the two transgenes, indicated that the carotenoid biosynthesis in petal and fruit chromoplasts could be regulated. Altogether the data were consistent with the hypothesis of the regulation of the carotenoid pathway in tomato chromoplasts through a mechanism of feedback inhibition mediated by a xanthophyll-derived apocarotenoid. This chromoplast-specific post-transcriptional mechanism was disclosed in transgenic fruits of HU hybrid owing to the abnormal production of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin, the more probable precursors of the apocarotenoid signal. A model describing the regulation of carotenoid pathway in tomato chromoplasts is presented.The authors apologize for the inadvertent omission of any pertinent reference in this manuscript. This work was supported in part through the European Union Framework Program FP7 METAPRO Project 244348 and benefit by the activities of the European COST actions CA15136 (EUROCAROTEN) and CA18210 (ROXY) . We are indebted to Prof. Dani Zamir of Hebrew University of Jerusalem for providing us with a seed sample of tomato line e1827m1. JLR acknowledges financiation by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through a "Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion" grant (IJC2020-045612-I) . CDA, ALS, and GG would like to thank all Colleagues at the Metapontum Agrobios Research Center of ALSIA (Agenzia Lucana di Sviluppo e di Innovazione in Agricoltura, Matera, Italy) who collaborated or provided help throughout this study.D'ambrosio, C.; Stigliani, AL.; Rambla Nebot, JL.; Frusciante, S.; Diretto, G.; Enfissi, EM.; Granell Richart, A.... (2023). A xanthophyll-derived apocarotenoid regulates carotenogenesis in tomato chromoplasts. Plant Science (Online). 328:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.11157511432

Rocket Science: The Effect of Spaceflight on Germination Physiology, Ageing, and Transcriptome of Eruca sativa Seeds

In the ‘Rocket Science’ project, storage of Eruca sativa (salad rocket) seeds for six months on board the International Space Station resulted in delayed seedling establishment. Here we investigated the physiological and molecular mechanisms underpinning the spaceflight effects on dry seeds. We found that ‘Space’ seed germination vigor was reduced, and ageing sensitivity increased, but the spaceflight did not compromise seed viability and the development of normal seedlings. Comparative analysis of the transcriptomes (using RNAseq) in dry seeds and upon controlled artificial ageing treatment (CAAT) revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with spaceflight and ageing. DEG categories enriched by spaceflight and CAAT included transcription and translation with reduced transcript abundances for 40S and 60S ribosomal subunit genes. Among the ‘spaceflight-up’ DEGs were heat shock proteins (HSPs), DNAJ-related chaperones, a heat shock factor (HSFA7a-like), and components of several DNA repair pathways (e.g., ATM, DNA ligase 1). The ‘response to radiation’ category was especially enriched in ‘spaceflight-up’ DEGs including HSPs, catalases, and the transcription factor HY5. The major finding from the physiological and transcriptome analysis is that spaceflight causes vigor loss and partial ageing during air-dry seed storage, for which space environmental factors and consequences for seed storage during spaceflights are discussed