Projective/retrospective linking of a contrastive idea: Interactional practices of turn-initial and turn-final uses of kedo ‘but’ in Japanese

Projection and retrospection are the two primary factors in understanding how talk-in-interaction is structured in real-time. Powerful resources to mark a projective or retrospective relation between turns include conjunctions, and the contrastive conjunction kedo ‘but, ’ which can be used in both turn-initial and turn-final positions, is one of the most prominent devices in Japanese conversation. Focusing on the cases where turns with kedo are used as responses to the prior turn of the interlocutor, this study compares the interactional functions of the turn-initial and turn-final kedo. Through detailed analysis of excerpts taken from the Corpus of Everyday Japanese Conversation, it is shown that while both turn-initial kedo and turn-final kedo are similar in that the speaker presents his or her own turn as more or less contrasting to the preceding turn, they differ in the typical sequential contexts and the subsequent trajectories of the interaction. Specifically, kedo-prefaced turns are used to bring in a new perspective and thereby project a sequence dealing with the newly introduced perspective. By contrast, kedo-ending turns do not invite further topical development but provide a supplementary comment retrospectively on a prior part of the conversation

Random phase-free kinoform for large objects

We propose a random phase-free kinoform for large objects. When not using the random phase in kinoform calculation, the reconstructed images from the kinoform are heavy degraded, like edge-only preserved images. In addition, the kinoform cannot record an entire object that exceeds the kinoform size because the object light does not widely spread. In order to avoid this degradation and to widely spread the object light, the random phase is applied to the kinoform calculation; however, the reconstructed image is contaminated by speckle noise. In this paper, we overcome this problem by using our random phase-free method and error diffusion method