Colonial mutations of caste in Tamil Nadu : an essay on space and untouchability, with special reference to Madurai district, c.1500-1990

After the lengthy war of conquest, the British installed the Permanent Settlement on much of the dry zone of south India. This was part of an original pacification plan designed to be temporary; however, colonial interests later decided that it was politically convenient to maintain some of the "native rank" in the country. These zamindari estates became precisely the area where caste-inducing pseudo-jajmani systems enjoyed a colonized efflorescence. These changes occurred in the nineteenth century; not all of the peculiar traditions of the south Indian social world pre-date the colonial kali yuga