Error and Disturbance as Irreversibility with Applications: Unified Definition, Wigner--Araki--Yanase Theorem and Out-of-Time-Order Correlator

Error and disturbance are fundamental concepts in quantum measurements. Here we show that these two concepts can be defined as special cases of the irreversibility of quantum processes. The re-definitions provide fruitful byproducts: First, we can unify the existing various definitions of error and disturbance as special aspects of irreversibility. Second, we extend the quantitative Wigner--Araki--Yanase theorem -- a universal restriction on measurement implementation under a conservation law -- to error and disturbance of arbitrary definitions. Third, we provide a novel treatment of out-of-time-orderd-correlator (OTOC) -- a measure of quantum chaos in a quantum many-body system -- as irreversibility, and its experimental evaluation method.Comment: 7+22 pages, 6 figure

Distinct expression of two Drosophila homologs of fibroblast growth factor receptors in imaginai discs

AbstractThe expression of two Drosophila homologs of FGF receptors (DRF1 and DRF2) in imaginal discs was studied. DFR1 mRNA was observed in several imaginal discs, whereas DFR2 mRNA was not detected. DFR1 expression in the wing and leg discs took place in probable myoblasts in a pattern similar to that of twist, a mesodermal gene. The mRNA was also detected in the morphogenetic furrow and its posterior region of the eye disc and around the proliferation center of the brain. These results suggest that DFR1 is involved in the development of mesodermal and neuronal cells constituting the adult body

Current-driven dynamics of chiral ferromagnetic domain walls

In most ferromagnets the magnetization rotates from one domain to the next with no preferred handedness. However, broken inversion symmetry can lift the chiral degeneracy, leading to topologically-rich spin textures such as spin-spirals and skyrmions via the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). Here we show that in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets sandwiched between a heavy metal and an oxide, the DMI stabilizes chiral domain walls (DWs) whose spin texture enables extremely efficient current-driven motion. We show that spin torque from the spin Hall effect drives DWs in opposite directions in Pt/CoFe/MgO and Ta/CoFe/MgO, which can be explained only if the DWs assume a N\'eel configuration with left-handed chirality. We directly confirm the DW chirality and rigidity by examining current-driven DW dynamics with magnetic fields applied perpendicular and parallel to the spin spiral. This work resolves the origin of controversial experimental results and highlights a new path towards interfacial design of spintronic devices

The hormonal composition of follicular fluid and its implications for ovarian cancer pathogenesis

Ovulation has long been associated with an increased risk in ovarian cancer, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Two aspects of ovulation have been linked to ovarian cancer pathogenesis. The first is the impact of repetitive tissue injury and repair that occurs with each ovulatory event. The second is the release of follicular fluid that accompanies the follicular rupture and its effect on the ovarian and fallopian tube epithelial cells. Hormones are an important component of follicular fluid, which transiently bathes the ovarian surface and fallopian tube epithelium during ovulation. Much work has been done exploring the role of hormones in fertility, but some, such as estrogen, have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of ovarian and other cancers. Understanding the role of hormones within follicular fluid, as well as how they are altered in disorders which increase ovarian cancer risk, will enhance our ability to assess risk and develop preventative strategies. This review provides an in depth discussion of the logistics of using and studying follicular fluid in ovarian cancer research, and discusses the fluctuations in follicular fluid hormone levels during normal physiological processes versus conditions that increase ovarian cancer risk

Effect of Capital Structure on Corporate Performance in Nigeria

This study investigated the effect of capital structure on corporate performance in Nigerian using randomly selected companies. This was done because it has at been established that an overall good performance of firms in an economy will lead to economic development in the long run. Twenty companies operating in the Nigerian environment were randomly picked and data on their capital structure and profit were picked out from their annual reports for the period under investigation (i.e. 2012-2013). In order to accomplish the set out objectives of this study, a research hypothesis was formulated which was tested via a number of analytical techniques. These are the panel unit root test and the panel least squares regression. Based on the results gotten, Ho was rejected. The results revealed that capital structure negatively influenced corporate performance. The study ended by recommending that Nigerian companies should use debt as a source of finance sparingly and only when extremely necessary. Keywords: Net income theory, Net operating income theory, Trade-off theory

Identification of four FGF receptor genes in Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes)

AbstractFour types of cDNA clones encoding tyrosine kinases highly homologous to mammalian fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGF-R) were isolated from Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Comparison of the four deduced amino acid sequences with four known mammalian FGF-Rs indicated that four FGF-R species corresponding to mammalian FGF-Rs exist universally in vertebrates including fishes, although FGF-R4 might have diverged sequences between fishes and mammals. Each of four FGF-R genes is transcribed to various extents as multiple mRNAs possibly by alternative splicing in adult fishes

Current-driven domain wall motion along high perpendicular anisotropy multilayers: The role of the Rashba field, the spin Hall effect, and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction

The current-induced domain wall motion along a thin cobalt ferromagnetic strip sandwiched in a multilayer (Pt/Co/AlO) is theoretically studied with emphasis on the roles of the Rashba field, the spin Hall effect, and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. The results point out that these ingredients, originated from the spin-orbit coupling, are consistent with recent experimental observations in three different scenarios. With the aim of clarifying which is the most plausible the influence of in-plane longitudinal and transversal fields is evaluated

The Impact of Banking Consolidation on the Economic Development of Nigeria

Consolidation was used as a key strategy by a number of banks to meet the capitalization requirements issued by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2005. In view of the need to understand the effect of this strategy as used by the banks, this study sought to establish the impact of bank capital, aggregate investment, loans and advances, bank profitability on the performance of the Nigerian economy.  Time series was used from 1986-2011 and multiple regression was used to analyze data.  It was found that bank capital was a determinant of banks performance and banks’ investment had a positive impact on the economy.  The study also showed that loans and advances were a determinant of banks profitability.  Accordingly, it was recommended that the Central Bank of Nigeria should constantly monitor the activities and the performance of the emerging mega- banks in order to prevent bank distress and failure .It was also recommended that adequate capital should be provided to make Banks more liquid. Keywords: Consolidation, economic developmen