Experimental investigation of unsteadiness in transonic shock boundary layer interaction

Transonic shock wave/boundary layer interaction over a wall-mounted bump was investigated with specific focus on shock wave unsteadiness and identification of its source. A large separation bubble resulted of an interaction driven by a flow characterized by a peak Mach number of 1.365. Overall this particular type of transonic unsteadiness is characterized with low amplitude and relatively high frequency motion. Low frequency shock unsteadiness was optically estimated and matched spectral content of wall fluctuating pressure. A strong correlation between separation onset and reattachment zones suggested a model of bubble expansion/contraction at the reattachment point where upstream-traveling pressure waves are generated and cause the shock wave excursions

Identification of motoneurons innervating individual extraocular muscles within the oculomotor nucleus in human

The oculomotor nucleus (nIII) and trochlear nucleus (nIV) of the midbrain contain motoneurons that innervate extraocular eye muscles. The aim of this study is to identify the motoneuronal subgroups of the human nIII and nIV, which innervate individual extraocular muscles using several histochemical stains, and comparing the results with those obtained in monkey. The nIV innervates only the superior oblique (SO) muscle, whereas nIII contains extraocular motoneurons, which innervate the medial rectus (MR), inferior rectus (IR), superior rectus (SR) and inferior oblique (IO) muscles. The organization of the motoneuron subgroups in human is not clear, and is the main subject of this investigation. In monkey the localization of the motoneuron subgroups for individual muscles is well known as a result of tract tracing studies, and analyses of their differential transmitter inputs. The results in monkey provided a useful basis for this study on human nIII. Human brainstems were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, series of frozen and paraffin sections of 40μm, 10μm and 5μm respectively were stained with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) antibody to identify cholinergic motoneurons of extraocular muscles. The ChAT sections were then immunostained for the inhibitory transmitter GABA with antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) or for the calcium-binding protein calretinin (CR). The cytoarchitecture of nIII was visualized with cresyl violet, gallyas stain or antibodies against non-phosphorylated neurofilaments (NP-NF). Six subgroups were delineated in nIII: a dorsolateral (DL), dorsomedial (DM), central (CEN), ventral (VEN), lateral group (LAT) and the nucleus of Perlia (NP), in addition to the central caudal nucleus (CCN) and the urocortin-positive centrally projecting neurons of the Edinger- Westphal nucleus (EWcp). The DL, VEN, LAT, EWcp and NP groups receive a strong supply of GAD-positive terminals as the SO motoneurons in nIV. Strong CR- immunoreactivity was found in the CEN group, NP and CCN, but not in nIV. Based on the staining properties of the subgroups and a comparison to the existing studies on monkey nIII, the CCN was considered to innervate the levator palpebrae; the CEN group was identified as the upgaze motoneuron subgroup for SR and IO, and DL, VEN and LAT showed characteristics of MR motoneurons. For the first time two separate subgroups of motoneurons (DL and VEN) subserving motor pathways for MR were identified in the human nIII, whereby the DL subgroup corresponds to the B-group and the VEN subgroup to the A-group in the monkey nIII. The DM group was considered to innervate IR muscle. The strong CR input to NP revealed characteristics of upgaze motoneurons in nIII. A good correlation was found between monkey and human in CR stains. But surprisingly, there were striking differences between monkey and human nIII with GAD stains. The results indicate that human MR motoneurons may contribute to a specialized function, e.g. during vergence, by its strong GABAergic input.Der Nucleus oculomotorius nIII und Nucleus trochlearis (nIV) im Mittelhirn enthalten die Motoneurone der extraoculären Augenmuskeln. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Identifizierung der verschiedenen Motoneuronengruppen im humanen nIII und nIV, welche individuelle Augenmuskeln innervieren. Dies erfolgte anhand verschiedener histochemischer Färbungen, die im Vergleich zu Daten an Affen erhoben wurden. Der nIV innerviert nur den Musculus obliquus superior (SO), während nIII die Motoneurone von Musculus rectus medialis (MR), inferior (IR), superior (SR) und Musculus obliquus inferior (IO) enthält. Die Organisation der Motoneuronengruppen im Menschen ist noch nicht eindeutig geklärt und ist Hauptthema der vorliegenden Studie. Im Affen ist die Lokalisation der einzelnen Motoneuronengruppen individueller Augenmuskeln aufgrund von Trakt-Tracer-Studien etabliert, ebenso wie die Transmittereingänge zu den einzelnen Gruppen, die als Basis für die vorliegende Arbeit am menschlichen nIII dienten. Humane Hirnstämme wurden in 4% Paraformaldehyd fixiert, und Serien von Gefrier- und Paraffinschnitten (40μm, 10μm und 5μm) wurden mit Antikörpern gegen Cholinacetyltransferase (ChAT) gefärbt, um die cholinergen Motoneurone der äußeren Augenmuskeln zu identifizieren. Die auf ChAT angefärbten Schnitte wurden dann mit einer weiteren Immun-Peroxidase-Färbung auf den inhibitorischen Transmitter GABA mit Antikörpern gegen Glutatmatdecarboxylase (GAD) oder das Calcium-bindende Protein Calretinin (CR) angefärbt. Die Zytoarchitektur des nIII wurde mit einer Kresyl-Violett- Färbung, Gallyas-Färbung oder Immunfärbung auf nicht-phosphorylierte Neurofilamente (NF-NP) dargestellt. Sechs Untergruppen konnten im nIII des Menschen voneinander abgegrenzt warden: eine dorsolaterale (DL), dorsomediale (DM), zentrale (CEN), ventrale (VEN), laterale Gruppe (LAT) neben dem Nucleus Perlia (NP) und dem Nucleus centralis caudalis (CCN) und der urocortin-positiven central projizierenden Neurone des Edinger-Westphal Kerns (EWcp). Die Gruppen DL, VEN, LAT, EWcp and NP erhalten einen starken Eingang von GAD-positiven Endigungen, ebenso die Motoneurone des SO im nIV. Eine starke Immunreaktivität für CR wurde innerhalb des nIII nur in der CEN-Gruppe gefunden, sowie dem NP und CCN, nicht aber im nIV. Basierend auf den histochemischen Eigenschaften der einzelnen Motoneuron-Subgruppen im Affen wurde beim Menschen der CCN bestätigt als der Kern, der die Motoneurone des Musculus levator palpebrae enthält; die CEN-Gruppe wurde anhand der selektiven CR- Eingänge als Sitz der Motoneurone von SR und IO identifiziert, die Blickbewegungen nach oben bewirken. Die Gruppen DL, VEN und LAT zeigten die Eigenschaften von MR- Motoneuronen, die DM-Gruppe die von IR-Motoneuronen. Hierbei konnte zum ersten mal gezeigt werden, dass auch beim Menschen der MR in zwei Gruppen innerhalb des nIII repräsentiert ist, wobei DL der B-Gruppe, und VEN der A-Gruppe beim Affen entspricht. Ein weiterer neuer Befund zeigte sich für den NP, der einen starken CR-Eingang erhält und damit eher Eigenschaften von Motoneuronen für Aufwärtsblick (wie SR und IO) aufweist. Insgesamt fand sich eine gute Übereinstimmung in den histochemischen Eigenschaften der Motoneuroneingänge bezüglich CR zwischen Mensch und Affe. Aber überraschenderweise war beim Menschen ein viel stärkerer GAD-Eingang auf die Motoneurone für horizontale Augenbewegungen (MR) als beim Affen präsent. Diese Daten weisen auf eine spezialisierte Rolle der MR-Motoneurone im Menschen, z.B. bei Vergenz, hin

The effect of in-plane magnetic field on the spin Hall effect in Rashba-Dresselhaus system

In a two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit couplings, there are two spin-split energy surfaces connected with a degenerate point. Both the energy surfaces and the topology of the Fermi surfaces can be varied by an in-plane magnetic field. We find that, if the chemical potential falls between the bottom of the upper band and the degenerate point, then simply by changing the direction of the magnetic field, the magnitude of the spin Hall conductivity can be varied by about 100 percent. Once the chemical potential is above the degenerate point, the spin Hall conductivity becomes the constant $e/8\pi$, independent of the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field. In addition, we find that the in-plane magnetic field exerts no influence on the charge Hall conductivity.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, to be published on Phys. Rev.

Identification of motoneurons innervating individual extraocular muscles within the oculomotor nucleus in human

The oculomotor nucleus (nIII) and trochlear nucleus (nIV) of the midbrain contain motoneurons that innervate extraocular eye muscles. The aim of this study is to identify the motoneuronal subgroups of the human nIII and nIV, which innervate individual extraocular muscles using several histochemical stains, and comparing the results with those obtained in monkey. The nIV innervates only the superior oblique (SO) muscle, whereas nIII contains extraocular motoneurons, which innervate the medial rectus (MR), inferior rectus (IR), superior rectus (SR) and inferior oblique (IO) muscles. The organization of the motoneuron subgroups in human is not clear, and is the main subject of this investigation. In monkey the localization of the motoneuron subgroups for individual muscles is well known as a result of tract tracing studies, and analyses of their differential transmitter inputs. The results in monkey provided a useful basis for this study on human nIII. Human brainstems were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, series of frozen and paraffin sections of 40μm, 10μm and 5μm respectively were stained with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) antibody to identify cholinergic motoneurons of extraocular muscles. The ChAT sections were then immunostained for the inhibitory transmitter GABA with antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) or for the calcium-binding protein calretinin (CR). The cytoarchitecture of nIII was visualized with cresyl violet, gallyas stain or antibodies against non-phosphorylated neurofilaments (NP-NF). Six subgroups were delineated in nIII: a dorsolateral (DL), dorsomedial (DM), central (CEN), ventral (VEN), lateral group (LAT) and the nucleus of Perlia (NP), in addition to the central caudal nucleus (CCN) and the urocortin-positive centrally projecting neurons of the Edinger- Westphal nucleus (EWcp). The DL, VEN, LAT, EWcp and NP groups receive a strong supply of GAD-positive terminals as the SO motoneurons in nIV. Strong CR- immunoreactivity was found in the CEN group, NP and CCN, but not in nIV. Based on the staining properties of the subgroups and a comparison to the existing studies on monkey nIII, the CCN was considered to innervate the levator palpebrae; the CEN group was identified as the upgaze motoneuron subgroup for SR and IO, and DL, VEN and LAT showed characteristics of MR motoneurons. For the first time two separate subgroups of motoneurons (DL and VEN) subserving motor pathways for MR were identified in the human nIII, whereby the DL subgroup corresponds to the B-group and the VEN subgroup to the A-group in the monkey nIII. The DM group was considered to innervate IR muscle. The strong CR input to NP revealed characteristics of upgaze motoneurons in nIII. A good correlation was found between monkey and human in CR stains. But surprisingly, there were striking differences between monkey and human nIII with GAD stains. The results indicate that human MR motoneurons may contribute to a specialized function, e.g. during vergence, by its strong GABAergic input.Der Nucleus oculomotorius nIII und Nucleus trochlearis (nIV) im Mittelhirn enthalten die Motoneurone der extraoculären Augenmuskeln. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Identifizierung der verschiedenen Motoneuronengruppen im humanen nIII und nIV, welche individuelle Augenmuskeln innervieren. Dies erfolgte anhand verschiedener histochemischer Färbungen, die im Vergleich zu Daten an Affen erhoben wurden. Der nIV innerviert nur den Musculus obliquus superior (SO), während nIII die Motoneurone von Musculus rectus medialis (MR), inferior (IR), superior (SR) und Musculus obliquus inferior (IO) enthält. Die Organisation der Motoneuronengruppen im Menschen ist noch nicht eindeutig geklärt und ist Hauptthema der vorliegenden Studie. Im Affen ist die Lokalisation der einzelnen Motoneuronengruppen individueller Augenmuskeln aufgrund von Trakt-Tracer-Studien etabliert, ebenso wie die Transmittereingänge zu den einzelnen Gruppen, die als Basis für die vorliegende Arbeit am menschlichen nIII dienten. Humane Hirnstämme wurden in 4% Paraformaldehyd fixiert, und Serien von Gefrier- und Paraffinschnitten (40μm, 10μm und 5μm) wurden mit Antikörpern gegen Cholinacetyltransferase (ChAT) gefärbt, um die cholinergen Motoneurone der äußeren Augenmuskeln zu identifizieren. Die auf ChAT angefärbten Schnitte wurden dann mit einer weiteren Immun-Peroxidase-Färbung auf den inhibitorischen Transmitter GABA mit Antikörpern gegen Glutatmatdecarboxylase (GAD) oder das Calcium-bindende Protein Calretinin (CR) angefärbt. Die Zytoarchitektur des nIII wurde mit einer Kresyl-Violett- Färbung, Gallyas-Färbung oder Immunfärbung auf nicht-phosphorylierte Neurofilamente (NF-NP) dargestellt. Sechs Untergruppen konnten im nIII des Menschen voneinander abgegrenzt warden: eine dorsolaterale (DL), dorsomediale (DM), zentrale (CEN), ventrale (VEN), laterale Gruppe (LAT) neben dem Nucleus Perlia (NP) und dem Nucleus centralis caudalis (CCN) und der urocortin-positiven central projizierenden Neurone des Edinger-Westphal Kerns (EWcp). Die Gruppen DL, VEN, LAT, EWcp and NP erhalten einen starken Eingang von GAD-positiven Endigungen, ebenso die Motoneurone des SO im nIV. Eine starke Immunreaktivität für CR wurde innerhalb des nIII nur in der CEN-Gruppe gefunden, sowie dem NP und CCN, nicht aber im nIV. Basierend auf den histochemischen Eigenschaften der einzelnen Motoneuron-Subgruppen im Affen wurde beim Menschen der CCN bestätigt als der Kern, der die Motoneurone des Musculus levator palpebrae enthält; die CEN-Gruppe wurde anhand der selektiven CR- Eingänge als Sitz der Motoneurone von SR und IO identifiziert, die Blickbewegungen nach oben bewirken. Die Gruppen DL, VEN und LAT zeigten die Eigenschaften von MR- Motoneuronen, die DM-Gruppe die von IR-Motoneuronen. Hierbei konnte zum ersten mal gezeigt werden, dass auch beim Menschen der MR in zwei Gruppen innerhalb des nIII repräsentiert ist, wobei DL der B-Gruppe, und VEN der A-Gruppe beim Affen entspricht. Ein weiterer neuer Befund zeigte sich für den NP, der einen starken CR-Eingang erhält und damit eher Eigenschaften von Motoneuronen für Aufwärtsblick (wie SR und IO) aufweist. Insgesamt fand sich eine gute Übereinstimmung in den histochemischen Eigenschaften der Motoneuroneingänge bezüglich CR zwischen Mensch und Affe. Aber überraschenderweise war beim Menschen ein viel stärkerer GAD-Eingang auf die Motoneurone für horizontale Augenbewegungen (MR) als beim Affen präsent. Diese Daten weisen auf eine spezialisierte Rolle der MR-Motoneurone im Menschen, z.B. bei Vergenz, hin

Fundamental Indexes As Proxies For Mean-Variance Efficient Portfolios

Mean-variance efficiency was first explained by Markowitz (1952) who derived an efficient frontier comprised of portfolios with the highest expected returns for a given level of risk borne by the investor. The assumed mean-variance efficiency of the market portfolio along with the fact that it is capitalization-weighted underlies the rationale for market indexes being constructed by market capitalization weights (Mar, Bird, Casavecchia and Yeung, 2009). The pioneers of the fundamental index approach to investing, Arnott, Hsu and Moore (2005), however differ, and argue that market capitalization-weighted indexes are not mean-variance efficient due to their price-sensitivity, which leads to the overweighting of overvalued stocks and the underweighting of undervalued stocks, creating a return drag. The authors constructed an index weighted by fundamental determinants of firm value such as earnings, book value and revenue, proving that their fundamentally weighted index causes the return drag inherent in capitalization-weighted indexes to disappear. The aim of this paper is to discuss the evidence for and the arguments against fundamentally-weighted indexes as proxies for mean-variance efficient portfolios. We conclude that since the market cap-weighted index is only mean-variance efficient given the efficiency of the market, whilst the fundamental index incurs higher turnover, and may contain a value bias, its resistance to investor overreaction makes it a more valid mean-variance efficient proxy in an inefficient market

Delineation of motoneuron subgroups supplying individual eye muscles in the human oculonnotor nucleus

The oculomotor nucleus (nIII) contains the motoneurons of medial, inferior, and superior recti (MR, IR, and SR),inferior oblique (IO),and levator palpebrae (LP) muscles. The delineation of motoneuron subgroups for each muscle is well-known in monkey, but not in human. We studied the transmitter inputs to human nIII and the trochlear nucleus (nIV),which innervates the superior oblique muscle (SO),to outline individual motoneuron subgroups. Parallel series of sections from human brainstems were immunostained for different markers: choline acetyltransferase combined with glutamate decarboxylase (GAD),calretinin (CR) or glycine receptor. The cytoarchitecture was visualized with cresyl violet, Gallyas staining and expression of non-phosphorylated neurofilaments. Apart from nIV, seven subgroups were delineated in nIII: the central caudal nucleus (CCN),a dorsolateral (DL),dorsomedial (DM),central (CEN),and ventral (VEN) group, the nucleus of Perlia (NP) and the non-preganglionic centrally projecting Edinger Westphal nucleus (EWcp). DL, VEN, NP and EWcp were characterized by a strong supply of GAD-positive terminals, in contrast to DM, CEN, and nIV. CR-positive terminals and fibers were confined to CCN, CEN, and NP. Based on location and histochemistry of the motoneuron subgroups in monkey, CEN is considered as the SR and 10 motoneurons, DL and VEN as the B- and A-group of MR motoneurons, respectively, and DM as IR motoneurons. A good correlation between monkey and man is seen for the CR input, which labels only motoneurons of eye muscles participating in upgaze (SR, 10, and LP). The CCN contained LP motoneurons, and nIV those of SO. This study provides a map of the individual subgroups of motoneurons in human nIII for the first time, and suggests that NP may contain upgaze motoneurons. Surprisingly, a strong GABAergic input to human MR motoneurons was discovered, which is not seen in monkey and may indicate a functional oculomotor specialization

Reproductive health policy Saga: Restrictive abortion laws in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), unnecessary cause of maternal mortality

Abortion is a common but controversial phenomenon globally. The discourse on the legality of abortion remains intricate, leaving a substantial number of women restricted from accessing safe abortion. There are evidence of an association between restrictive abortion laws, unsafe abortions, and maternal mortality in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). We explore how restrictive abortion laws violate women’s right to health and bodily integrity. We used Carol Bacchi’s policy framework to analyze how restrictive abortion laws have been discursively framed (problematization); the assumptions that underpinned the representation; the consequences of the representation; what was left unproblematic; how the representation could be questioned, disrupted and replaced. We found that most of these laws are based on morality and the limited number of women in politics has made them objects rather than subjects in decision-making process. Therefore, we recommend a holistic approach to abortion laws with women leading the process to achieve reproductive justice

Centrosomal pre-integration latency of HIV-1 in quiescent cells

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) efficiently replicates in dividing and non-dividing cells. However, HIV-1 infection is blocked at an early post-entry step in quiescent CD4+ T cells in vitro. The molecular basis of this restriction is still poorly understood. Here, we show that in quiescent cells, incoming HIV-1 sub-viral complexes concentrate and stably reside at the centrosome for several weeks. Upon cell activation, viral replication resumes leading to viral gene expression. Thus, HIV-1 can persist in quiescent cells as a stable, centrosome-associated, pre-integration intermediate

Innovation Contests with Entry Auction

We consider procurement of an innovation from heterogeneous sellers. Innovations are random but depend on unobservable effort and private information. We compare two procurement mechanisms where potential sellers first bid in an auction for admission to an innovation contest. After the contest, an innovation is procured employing either a fixed prize or a first-price auction. We characterize Bayesian Nash equilibria such that both mechanisms are payoff-equivalent and induce the same efforts and innovations. In these equilibria, signaling in the entry auction does not occur since contestants play a simple strategy that does not depend on rivals' private information

Centrosomal Latency of Incoming Foamy Viruses in Resting Cells

Completion of early stages of retrovirus infection depends on the cell cycle. While gammaretroviruses require mitosis for proviral integration, lentiviruses are able to replicate in post-mitotic non-dividing cells. Resting cells such as naive resting T lymphocytes from peripheral blood cannot be productively infected by retroviruses, including lentiviruses, but the molecular basis of this restriction remains poorly understood. We demonstrate that in G0 resting cells (primary fibroblasts or peripheral T cells), incoming foamy retroviruses accumulate in close proximity to the centrosome, where they lie as structured and assembled capsids for several weeks. Under these settings, virus uncoating is impaired, but upon cell stimulation, Gag proteolysis and capsid disassembly occur, which allows viral infection to proceed. The data imply that foamy virus uncoating is the rate-limiting step for productive infection of primary G0 cells. Incoming foamy retroviruses can stably persist at the centrosome, awaiting cell stimulation to initiate capsid cleavage, nuclear import, and viral gene expression