Formulation and evaluation of the quality of cleaning preparations produced with recyclables

Celem artykułu było określenie możliwości zastosowania w preparatach do czyszczenia twardych powierzchni nowych, innowacyjnych surowców, warunkujących wysoką jakość produktu finalnego oraz dobór wyróżników jakości charakteryzujących środki czystości. Na podstawie doniesień z literatury, analizy rynku, doświadczeń własnych dokonano wyboru surowców do trzech rodzajów preparatów czyszczących: past, mleczek i proszków. W celu poprawy jakości tych produktów zastosowano, oprócz tradycyjnych surowców, nowe: mikrosferę i glicerynę. Preparaty z udziałem mikrosfery, z uwagi na jej kulisty kształt, nie niszczą powierzchni poddanych czyszczeniu, natomiast skutecznie usuwają zabrudzenia. Gliceryna przeciwdziała wysychaniu preparatów, zapobiega wysuszaniu skóry rąk. Pomimo, że jest ona odpadem, powstającym przy produkcji głównie estrów metylowych kwasów tłuszczowych, które są wykorzystywane do produkcji biodiesla, nie zawiera związków o charakterze drażniącym czy uczulającym. Zastosowanie wymienionych surowców odpadowych przyczynia się do realizacji zrównoważonego rozwoju i zwiększenia popytu oraz konkurencyjności polskiej mikrosfery i gliceryny, a także wpływa na cenę produktu finalnego. Opracowano i wykonano szereg oryginalnych receptur środków czystości w formie: past, mleczek i proszków, zawierających w swym składzie m.in. mikrosferę i glicerynę. Dokonano weryfikacji właściwości użytkowych i sensorycznych tych preparatów. Ostateczną ocenę oryginalnych środków czyszczących stanowiła analiza porównawcza z produktami handlowymi. Istotnym celem, postawionym przed zaprezentowaną pracą, był dobór wyróżników jakości środków do czyszczenia twardych powierzchni. Uwzględniono dosyć szeroki i reprezentatywny dobór wyróżników jakości, za pomocą których można scharakteryzować środki do czyszczenia silnie zabrudzonych powierzchni. Opracowano nowe metody, adaptowano istniejące, stosowane przy ocenie innych rodzajów produktów, jak również skorzystano z metod opracowanych w Niemczech. Zaprezentowane determinanty jakości stanowią istotny postęp w ocenie środków czyszczących. W oparciu o wyniki badań stwierdzono, że otrzymane, według receptur własnych, preparaty spełniają kryteria nowoczesnych środków czyszczących, a jednocześnie stwarzają możliwość zagospodarowania uciążliwych odpadów. Środki do czyszczenia wykonane w oparciu o oryginalne receptury wykazują właściwości porównywalne, a nawet w wielu przypadkach korzystniejsze, w odniesieniu do ich odpowiedników handlowych.The aim of this article was the determination of potential applications of new, innovative raw materials in cleaning preparations for hard surfaces. The materials should ensure high quality of the final product and choice of quality factors characterizing cleaning products. On the basis of literature data, market analysis, own research concerning cleaning products was made up. Additionally a choice of ingredients for three types of preparations: pastes, milks and powders was made. In order to improve the quality of preparations, along with traditional ingredients, there were employed new ones: cenosphere and glycerin. The products containing cenosphere, due to its spherical shape, do not destroy cleaned surfaces and preparations containing it clean surfaces efficiently. Glycerin counteracts drying of the preparations and prevents drying of the skin of the hands. This ingredient does not contain compounds than can cause sensitization and irritation. The use of these materials contributes to the sustainable development and increasing demand and competitiveness of the Polish cenosphere and glycerin. A number of original formulations of cleaning products in the form of pastes, lotions and powders containing, among others, cenospheres and glycerin were developed and produced. Applicable and sensory characteristics of these preparations were evaluated. The final assessment of the original cleaning products was a comparative analysis with commercial products. An important objective presented was a choice of quality factors for hard surface cleaning preparations. A relatively large and representative selection of quality factors used to characterize materials for cleaning heavily soiled surfaces was taken into account. New methods were developed the existing ones used to assess other types of products were adapted and German research methods were also applied. The presented methods are important progress in the evaluation of cleaning preparations. Based on the result of this research it was found that preparations obtained according to own formulations meet the criteria of modern cleaning products and, simultaneously, offer the possibility of waste management. Cleaning preparations made on the basis of original formulations have properties which are comparable and in many cases favorable in relation to their commercial counterparts

Application of Blue Honeysuckle Powder Obtained by an Innovative Method of Low-Temperature Drying in Skincare Face Masks

Traditional technologies applied for obtaining plant raw materials for cosmetic production are based primarily on high-level processing, which is reflected in the qualitative composition of the resulting materials. By using low-temperature drying, it is possible to retain in the raw materials a range of valuable ingredients. In this study, blue honeysuckle powder was used as an ingredient of cosmetic face masks. The stability of the masks was evaluated. Dynamic viscosity, yield point and texture analysis of the cosmetics was performed. The color of the emulsions and the level of skin hydration after face mask application was determined. Emulsions were found to be stable. A decrease in dynamic viscosity of the emulsions as a function of increasing concentrations of the additive and under the conditions of rising rotational speed were observed. Similarly, an increase in the concentration of blue honeysuckle in the emulsions resulted in a decrease in the value of the yield point. Based on the results, it can be stated that the addition of blue honeysuckle caused a decrease in hardness of the masks, while the opposite trend was observed for adhesive force. It was found that an increase in the concentration of blue honeysuckle gave a reddish-yellow color to the samples. Corneometric assessment confirmed proper skin hydration after the application of the emulsions

Application of Blue Honeysuckle Powder Obtained by an Innovative Method of Low-Temperature Drying in Skincare Face Masks

Traditional technologies applied for obtaining plant raw materials for cosmetic production are based primarily on high-level processing, which is reflected in the qualitative composition of the resulting materials. By using low-temperature drying, it is possible to retain in the raw materials a range of valuable ingredients. In this study, blue honeysuckle powder was used as an ingredient of cosmetic face masks. The stability of the masks was evaluated. Dynamic viscosity, yield point and texture analysis of the cosmetics was performed. The color of the emulsions and the level of skin hydration after face mask application was determined. Emulsions were found to be stable. A decrease in dynamic viscosity of the emulsions as a function of increasing concentrations of the additive and under the conditions of rising rotational speed were observed. Similarly, an increase in the concentration of blue honeysuckle in the emulsions resulted in a decrease in the value of the yield point. Based on the results, it can be stated that the addition of blue honeysuckle caused a decrease in hardness of the masks, while the opposite trend was observed for adhesive force. It was found that an increase in the concentration of blue honeysuckle gave a reddish-yellow color to the samples. Corneometric assessment confirmed proper skin hydration after the application of the emulsions

An attempt to analyze influence of properties of five African wood species on cemented carbide tool wearing

In this paper cemented carbide cutting tools dulling after milling five African wood species is presented. Wood specimens investigated varied with the high temperature corrosivity (HTC), the hard mineral contamination (HMC), and the density (D). An attempt to replace combustion method of evaluation of content of natural HMC in wood with spectral mass analysis methods like energy dissipative spectrum (EDAX) or atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) failed. Experiments performed show that scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of ash allowed to get information on size and shape of small dimension natural HMC particles present in wood specimens. Employing theoretical multi variable simulation, the combined effect of the HTC, the HMC, and the D on the cemented carbide tool wear was evidenced, which appeared to be a good explanation of the results observed

The Combustive Heat of Thirteen Deciduous Wood Species

The heat of combustion relative to the mass, Qm, was evaluated for 13 deciduous wood species, ranging from low to high density. The maximum and minimum values for Qm ranged, respectively, from 19.01 kJ⋅g-1 (Sd = 7 J⋅g-1) to 21.66 kJ⋅g-1 (Sd = 6 J⋅g-1) for Populus tremula and Alnus glutinosa wood. The average value of the Qm for all wood specimens evaluated in the present study was 19.93 kJ⋅g-1 (Sd = 706 J⋅g-1), which is 1.6% higher than the value reported in the literature (Krzysik 1975). A high correlation, R = 0.99, was observed between the volumetric heat of combustion, Qv, and wood density, D0. No correlation was discovered among Qm, D0, the ash content in the wood, ac, as well as the content of the following elements in the ash: calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), silica (Si), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P)

Effect of New Surfactants on Biological Properties of Liquid Soaps

Liquid soaps are the basic cosmetics used to clean the skin of the hands. Frequent hand washing prevents viral contamination but may damage the skin’s hydro-lipid layer, leading to various types of irritation. Therefore, four liquid soap formulas were developed with three amphoteric surfactants: Cocamidopropyl Betaine (LS II), CocamidopropylHydroxysultaine (LS III), and newly synthesized Evening PrimroseaamidopropylSulfobetaine (LS IV). We evaluated the skin irritating potential (zein number, bovine albumin test) and cytotoxicity (AlamarBlue™, Cell viability, and Cell cycle assays) on HaCaT cell line. We observed lower values of the zein number and bovine albumin tests after adding soaps with surfactants (the highest differences in LS IV) compared to the base soap (LS I). However, LS I and LS II did not differ in cytotoxic assays. Therefore, adding LS III and LS IV seems potentially more dangerous to the cells. However, it should be noted that cells were continuously exposed to liquid soaps for more than 24 h, so its cytotoxic effects after dermal use in humans may be unnoticeable. Concluding, results suggest that the newly synthesized LS IV should improve the safety of liquid hand washing soaps

Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research

Animal research undoubtedly provides scientists with virtually unlimited data but inflicts pain and suffering on animals. Currently, legislators and scientists alike are promoting alternative in vitro approaches allowing for an accurate evaluation of processes occurring in the body without animal sacrifice. Historically, one of the most infamous animal tests is the Draize test, mainly performed on rabbits. Even though this test was considered the gold standard for around 50 years, the Draize test fails to mimic human response mainly due to human and rabbit eye physiological differences. Therefore, many alternative assays were developed to evaluate ocular toxicity and drug effectiveness accurately. Here we review recent achievements in tissue engineering of in vitro 2D, 2.5D, 3D, organoid and organ-on-chip ocular models, as well as in vivo and ex vivo models in terms of their advantages and limitations