Listening to music prior to bronchoscopy reduces anxiety – a randomised controlled trial

Background: Listening to music as a means of relieving anxiety before and during endoscopy has been examined in several studies but results so far are contradictory and inconclusive. Aims: We aimed to determine whether listening to music could reduce anxiety prior to and during bronchoscopy, and whether it is influenced by the patient’s preference in music. Methods: 300 patients undergoing bronchoscopy for suspected lung cancer were randomly assigned to: self-selected music, specially-designed music (MusiCureTM), or control (no sound). Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was administered three times: at admission, after 20 min with or without music (preceding bronchoscopy), and shortly before discharge. The primary outcome was STAI state score after 20 min, with or without exposure to music prior to bronchoscopy. Results: On average, music reduced the STAI score by 2.5 points (95% CI, 1.1 to 4.0; p < 0.001) compared with the control group. This reduction was largest in the self-selected music group (3.4; 95% CI, 1.5 to 5.3; p < 0.001). In contrast, specially designed music did not significantly reduce STAI score (1.7; 95% CI, −0.3 to 3.6; p = 0.1). Conclusion: Listening to music reduces anxiety in patients undergoing bronchoscopy, provided that the music complies with the patient’s preferences

Characteristics and impact of exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction: an international perspective

Background Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) is a common cause of exertional breathlessness and wheeze yet is frequently misdiagnosed as asthma. Insight regarding the demographic characteristics, laryngeal abnormalities and impact of EILO is currently limited, with data only available from individual centre reports. The aim of this work was to provide a broader perspective from a collaboration between multiple international expert centres. Methods Five geographically distinct clinical paediatric and adult centres (3 Denmark, 1 UK, 1 USA) with an expertise in assessing unexplained exertional breathlessness completed database entry of key characteristic features for all cases referred with suspected EILO over a 5-year period. All included cases completed clinical asthma workup and continuous laryngoscopy during exercise (CLE) testing for EILO. Results Data were available for 1007 individuals (n=713 female (71%)) with a median (range) age of 24 (8–76) years, and of these 586 (58%) were diagnosed with EILO. In all centres, EILO was frequently misdiagnosed as asthma; on average there was a 2-year delay to diagnosis of EILO, and current asthma medication was discontinued in 20%. Collapse at the supraglottic level was seen in 60%, whereas vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) was only detected/visualised in 18%. Nearly half (45%) of individuals with EILO were active participants in recreational-level sports, suggesting that EILO is not simply confined to competitive/elite athletes. Conclusion Our findings indicate that key clinical characteristics and the impact of EILO/VCD are similar in globally distinct regions, facilitating improved awareness of this condition to enhance recognition and avoid erroneous asthma treatment