The Doctrine of Prior Restraint

The concept of prior restraint, roughly speaking, deals with official restrictionsimposed upon speech or other forms of expression in advance of actual publication.Prior restraint is thus distinguished from subsequent punishment, which is a penaltyimposed after the communication has been made as a punishment for having made it.Again speaking generally, a system of prior restraint would prevent communicationfrom occurring at all; a system of subsequent punishment allows the communicationbut imposes a penalty after the event. Of course, the deterrent effect of a later penaltymay operate to prevent a communication from ever being made. Nevertheless, for avariety of reasons, the impact upon freedom of expression may be quite different,depending upon whether the system of control is designed to block publication inadvance or deter it by subsequent punishment

Academic Freedom of the Faculty Member as Citizen

The faculty member in an institution of higher learning functions in two capacities.He is, first of all, a scholar

Academic Freedom of the Faculty Member as Citizen

A hi-tech company often focuses on being innovative by providing product offerings as product leader, fast follower or with operational excellence. In the international calling sector the technological solutions are numerous. The providers are, for instance, normal telecom providers, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Mobile virtual network operators (MVNO). This means that a company faces not only the competitors that offer the same solution but also from outside the company’s business sector. The company thus needs to tackle many challenges, such as fast-paced product development, market expansion, competitor volatility, at the same time as the company cultivates its brand assets. This study focuses on the branding strategy within the VoIP telecom sector. It aims to set a guideline for how companies, in particular in the VoIP telecom sectors, cultivate and enhance their brand identity in order to differentiate themselves from competitors as well as achieve a successful and sustainable level of brand equity. The thesis also studies the brand strategies that have already manifested themselves within the providers of international calling services, in particular VoIP providers and a couple of MVNO providers. By conducting the brand identity and brand equity analysis, customer analysis and competitors’ analysis, a company can make a decision on brand strategy that will further associate, differentiate, energize and support its brands. The research framework consists of both the corporate and consumer perspectives. It consists of brand theory, market research, competitor analysis and the company’s brand identity, as well as brand awareness analysis. The thesis presents the Swedish VoIP consumers’ behavior and trends, the guideline and case study on how a company bridges the gap between brand identity and brand equity as well as the guideline and case study of brand portfolio strategies that have been explored within the VoIP telecom sectors, i.e. VoIP branding

Freedom of Expression in Wartime

War and preparation for war create serious strains on a systemof freedom of expression. Emotions run high, lowering the degreeof rationality which is required to make such a system viable

Book Review: Cases and Materials on Administrative Law

It is opportune, therefore, to reconsider where this lusty body of administrativelaw fits into the law school curriculum and how it can bestbe imparted to the law school student. Professor Katz\u27s new casebookundertakes an answer to these questions

Malapportionment and Judicial Power

The Supreme Court\u27s decision in Baker v. Carr promises to be one of themost important of the century. Like the segregation decisions, it brings constitutionalprinciples and judicial institutions to the solution of one of the fundamentalproblems of American society. Unlike the decisions in the Smithand McCarran Act cases, which have no future in the democratic process, itmoves broadly in the direction of developing and supporting procedures necessaryfor the effective operation of a modern democratic system. The decisionis of interest and significance on various levels. The major ones are (1) itsimportance in terms of legal doctrine; (2) its bearing on the actual solution ofthe malapportionment problem; and (3) its broader implications concerningthe role of law and legal institutions in the democratic process

Book Review: The Strengthening of American Political Institutions

The essays printed in this volume were originally delivered as lectures inthe Cornell Symposium on America\u27s Freedom and Responsibility in the ContemporaryCrisis. They all deal with topics of present importance, thoughit would not be hard to think of other subjects that would probe more deeplyinto the crisis in American political institutions than do several of the topicschosen. The essays are neither profound nor particularly original but, comingfrom a group of active participants in the current political scene, they makea worthwhile contribution

Legal Foundations of the Right to Know

If we do not make the right to know the main basis for the system of freedom of expression, then what should be the role of that doctrine? There seem to be three general areas in which the right to know may be of special importance. One is the use of the doctrine against direct government interference with the system of freedom of expression. A second is its use in situations where the government seeks to regulate or expand the system by some form of affirmative action. And the third is its use in making information available from government or private sources

Nine Justices in Search of a Doctrine

The case of Griswold v. Connecticut,\u27 like few others in recenttimes, presented the United States Supreme Court with a hopelesslyunsupportable piece of state legislation and an unusual varietyof possible doctrinal solutions. The Court\u27s response to this situation,and the implications of its choice of doctrine for the future ofindividual rights in America, make an intriguing study of the judicialprocess